Carbohydrates

Question 1

energy is required to what?

Answer 1

power body processes

Question 2

what is a calorie?

Answer 2

amount of energy required to heat 1mL of water to 1 C

Question 3

1 Mcal = what?

Answer 3

1,000 Kcal

Question 4

adult horse (500 kg or 1,100 lbs) with average metabolism has ____ Mcal DE

Answer 4

16.7

Question 5

who created the DE energy calculations?

Answer 5

Fonnesbeck

Question 6

who created a more accurate verison of the DE energy calculations?

Answer 6

Pagan

Question 7

what is a UFC?

Answer 7

horse feed unit

Question 8

1 UFC = NE of what?

Answer 8

1 kg of standard barley

Question 9

be able to explain the 3 legged stool

Answer 9

energy production has aerobic and anaerobic forms.

aerobic uses glucose, fat, and protein and creates CO2 and H20 (slow and clean)

anaerobic uses glucose and produces lactic acid (quick and dirty) or uses phosphocreatine and creates creatine (quick and clean)

Question 10

explain how structural carbs (forages) are used as dietary energy sources

Answer 10

microbial fermentation in the large intestine and produces VFAs that are absorbed

Question 11

explain how non-structural carbs (grains) are used as dietary energy sources?

Answer 11

digestion in the small intestine, glucose to pyruvate to acetyl-CoA to citric acid/kreb’s cycle to O2 and ATP

Question 12

what is the primary carb form used for ATP synthesis? and how it is available?

Answer 12

glucose; blood glucose, muscle/liver glycogen or diet

Question 13

are amino acids a preferred energy source?

Answer 13

no

Question 14

fatty acids are used as what in horseS?

Answer 14

energy sources; long and short chain (VFAs)

Question 15

how does the horse get long chain fatty acids?

Answer 15

diet, intracellular stores, adipose tissue

Question 16

how does the horse get short chain fatty acids (VFAs)

Answer 16

fermentation of carbs which are converted to glucose or long chain

Question 17

what are the top 2 VFAs in the horse?

Answer 17

acetate and proprionate

Question 18

explain negative, positive, and ideal energy balance

Answer 18

ideal: energy intake = energy expense
negative: energy intake is lower than energy expense (skinny)
positive: intake is more than expense (fat)

Question 19

what is the primary source of energy in equine diets?

Answer 19

carbs

Question 20

what is included in NDF and what is it inversely related to?

Answer 20

hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin; voluntary intake

Question 21

what is included in ADF and what is it inversely related to?

Answer 21

cellulose and lignin; digestibility

Question 22

name a few nonfiber carbs/ nonstructural carbs that are not included in NDF/ADF

Answer 22

sugars, fructan, starch, and pectin

Question 23

what are the 3 main non-structural carbs and what do they store

Answer 23

sugars- grains
fructan- forages
starch- minor forage storage

Question 24

how are non-structural carbs usually reported?

Answer 24

WSC + starch (sometimes ESC + starch)

Question 25

enzymatic digestion of sugars and starches occur where?

Answer 25

small intestine

Question 26

most glucose absorption occurs in what portion of the SI?

Answer 26

proximal

Question 27

where is by-pass (or excess) starch fermented?

Answer 27

in hindgut by the microbes (this is bad can lead to decreased pH and increased anaerobic bacteria so more lactic acid and leads to founder/laminitis)

Question 28

what is acetate used for?

Answer 28

energy and production of long chain fatty accids

Question 29

what does propionate get used for?

Answer 29

glucose synthesis in the liver

Question 30

what are the benefits of high forage diets?

Answer 30

lactating mares get a higher fat concentration in milk increased water retention in the GI tract increase in total GI tissue mass

Question 31

after a horse eats a meal explain what happens to their blood glucose and how that is regulated?

Answer 31

after a meal the blood glucose will increase immediately, the pancreas secretes insulin and will regulate.

Question 32

is blood glucose level stable in horses?

Answer 32

yes very

Question 33

what happens to absorbed glucose that is not immediately required?

Answer 33

stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle tissue or can be utilized for fat synthesis

Question 34

liver glycogen can be used for what?

Answer 34

broken down to provide glucose to other tissues

Question 35

when can muscle glycogen stores be depleted?

Answer 35

high intensity exercise