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carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

carbohydrates are

A

biological macromolecule containing C=O and OH group.

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2
Q

major type of carbohydrates

A

sugar (saccharides)

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3
Q

functions of carbohydrates

A

significant fraction of the dietary calories
storage form of energy
cell membrane components
structural component of organisms

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4
Q

glyceraldehyde is a
a) aldose , triose sugar
b)ketose , triose sugar
c) aldose ,pentose sugar
d)ketose ,hexose sugar

A

aldose, triose sugar

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5
Q

dihydroxyacetone is a
a) aldose , triose sugar
b)ketose , triose sugar
c) aldose ,pentose sugar
d)ketose ,hexose sugar

A

ketose, triose sugar

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6
Q

sugar building block of DNA

A

D-Ribose sugar

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7
Q

most common and important aldohexose sugar

A

glucose (building unit of starch, cellulose, and sucrose)

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8
Q

most common naturally occurring ketose sugar found in plants , bonded to glucose to form sucrose

A

D-Fructose

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9
Q

measurement of Hba1c levels can determine

A

glycemic control

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10
Q

compounds that have the same chemical formula but have different structure are called

A

isomers

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11
Q

examples of isomers

A

fructose, glucose, mannose, galactose isomers having chemical formula C6H12O6

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12
Q

epimers are

A

carbohydrate isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom

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13
Q

example of epimer

A

glucose and galactose {C4 epimer}
glucose and mannose {c-2 epimer}

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14
Q

why glucose and mannose are isomers but not epimer

A

differ in position of -oh grp in c-4 and c-2

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15
Q

special type of isomerism in the pair of structures that are mirror images of each other

A

enantiomers

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16
Q

the two members of the pair are designated as

A

D- nd L- sugar

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17
Q

vast majority of the sugar in humans are

A

D- sugar

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18
Q

difference between D- and L- isomers

A

-OH group on the asymmetric carbon that is farthest atom from the carbonyl carbon is on the
D- isomer: right
L-isomer: left

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19
Q

name the enzyme that can interconvert D- and L- isomers

A

Racemases
(enzymes are specific in binding either the D or L form)

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20
Q

less than 1% of each of the monosaccharides 5 or more carbon exist in which form in solution

A

open chain or acyclic

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21
Q

99% of monosaccharide found in solution are

A

ring or cyclic form

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22
Q

creation of anomeric carbon generate a new pair of isomer

A

α and β configurations (α-D-glucopyranose and β-D-glucopyranose)

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23
Q

alpha and beta are referred as

A

diastereomers (not mirror images)
enzymes can distinguish between these two structures and use one or the other preferentially

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24
Q

glycogen and cellulose are synthesized from

A

glycogen: α-D-glucopyranose
cellulose: β-D-glucopyranose.

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25
the cyclic alpha and beta anomers of a sugar in a solution spontaneously form a equilibrium mixture the process is called
mutarotation
26
if hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of a cyclized sugar is not linked to another compound by glycosidic bond
sugar act as a reducing agent (reducing sugar)
27
sugar that react with chromogenic agents causing reagent to be reduced and colored
reducing sugar (aldehyde group of acyclic sugar become oxidized
28
reducing sugar groups
all monosaccharides but not all disaccharides
29
test that can detect a reducing sugar in urine
colorimetric test
30
positive colorimetric test indicates
underlying pathology (sugars are normally present in urine)
31
monosaccharides can joint to form
disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
32
lactose is made of
galactose + glucose
33
sucrose is made of
glucose + fructose
34
maltose is made up of
glucose + glucose
35
important polysaccharides which are polymer of glucose
branched - glycogen : animal source -starch : plant source unbranched - cellulose : plant source
36
the bond that link sugar are called
glycosidic bond
37
glycosidic bond is formed by enzyme known as
glycosytransferases
38
glycosytransferases will use which as substrate
nucleotide sugar such as uridine diphosphate glucose
39
glycosidic bonds between sugars are named according to the
#numbers of the connected carbons #with regards to the position of the anomeric hydroxyl group of the sugar involved in the bond
40
name of bond with respect to the configuration are
β configuration - β-bond α configuration - α-bond
41
bond formation in lactose
b/w carbon 1 of β-galactose and carbon 4 of glucose linkage is a β(1→4) glycosidic bond.
42
why lactose remain as a reducing sugar
anomeric end of the glucose residue is not involved in the glycosidic linkage
43
bond in maltose
α (1-4) glycosidic b/w c1 - c4 OHs of two glucoses It is the of α anomer
44
a disaccharides product of cellulose breakdown
cellobiose
45
name of bond in cellobiose
β (1-4) glycosidic , β anomer
46
carbohydrate that attached by glycosidic bonds to noncarbohydrate structures like a) purine and pyrimidine b)aromatic ring c)proteins d)lipids
a) nucleic acid b) steroids and bilirubin c) glycoproteins, proteoglycans d) glycolipids
47
carbohydrate that attached by glycosidic bonds to noncarbohydrate structures to form
glycosides
48
the structure and bond of the group on the noncarbohydrate molecule to which the sugar is attached is an -NH2 group is
N-glycoside N-glycosidic linkage
49
if the group attached to sugar is an -OH called
O- glycoside O-glycosidic linkage
50
all sugar-sugar glycoside bonds are
O-type linkage
51
how do living cell produce and utilize energy
most energy used through hydrolysis of ATP molecule into ADP molecule
52
the prosses which ADP continually convert to ATP molecule as called
cellular respiration
53
from where the cells will get energy for converting to ATP
breaks chemical bonds in glucose, releasing stored energy
54
name the pathways used to release the energy from glucose and other food component
1. glycolysis 2.kreb cycle ( citric acid cycle) 3. electron transport chain 4. alcoholic fermentation or lactic acid fermentation
55
amt of energy released from glycolysis
2 net ATP
56
Name the two pathways that lead after glycolysis in presence of oxygen
kreb's cycle, ETC
57
In absence of oxygen glycolysis is followed by
alcoholic or lactic acid fermentation
58
glycolysis + krebs cycle +ETC combined make up
cellular respiration
59
equation for cellular respiration
6O2 + C6H12O6 ------- 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
60
oxidation of glucose to give pyruvate (aerobic) or lactate (anaerobic) is
glycolysis
61
site of glycolysis
cytoplasm of all tissue cells
62
in which type of tissues glycolysis have physiological importance
tissues of no mitochondria : mature RBC
63
which cell relays glycolysis exclusively for energy
RBC
64
which is the source of energy for skeletal muscle during high intensity exercise
glycolysis
65
how glycolysis help in adipose tissue and liver function
source of glycerol-p for triacylglycerol synthesis source of acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis
66
name the enzyme help on conversion of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate
hexokinase
67
ATP produced, utilized, net energy produced in anaerobic glycolysis
produced: 4 utilized: 2 net energy: 2
68
ATP produced utilized and net energy produced in aerobic respiration is
produced: 8-10 utilized: 2 net energy: 6-8
69
regeneration of NAD+ in aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis are
through respiratory chain in mitochondria through lactate formation
70
oxygenation of tissue is done through the formation of
2,3 bis-phosphoglycerate (BPG) decreases the affinity of HB to o2
71
what are the products of anaerobic fermentation
lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
72
equation of alcoholic fermentation
pyruvic acid + NADH  ethyl alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
73
alcoholic fermentation occurs in
yeast
74
name the catalyst in reaction of converting NADH to NAD+
alcohol dehydrogrnase
75
name the processes which shares in carbohydrate metabolism
pyruvate carboxylation, decarboxylation
76
lactic acid fermentation occurs in which type of organism
anaerobic organism lack a respiratory chain
77
what is needed for the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction of glycolysis
NAD+
78
the complete pathway, including glycolysis and reoxidation of NADH is called
fermentation
79
what catalysis the reduction of the keto in pyruvate to a hydroxyl, yielding lactate
lactate dehydrogenase
80
where will oxidization of pyruvate occur
liver
81

biochemistry (12 decks)

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