lipid metabolism 4

Question 1

the cell membrane is a fluid mosaic of

Answer 1

lipids and proteins

Question 2

the protein serve as

Answer 2

transporters
enzymes
receptors
mediators

Question 3

what is function of mediators

Answer 3

that allows extracellular compounds such as hormones to exert intracellular effects

Question 4

which are the major membrane lipids

Answer 4

phosphoglycerides
sphingolipids and cholesterol also present

Question 5

name the lipid that forms the lipid bilayer

Answer 5

phospholipids

Question 6

explain lipid bilayer structure

Answer 6

hydrophilic head groups interacting with water on both the extracellular and intracellular surfaces, and their hydrophobic fatty acyl chains in the central portion of the membrane

Question 7

name the protein that embedded at the periphery

Answer 7

peripheral protein

Question 8

integral protein located at

Answer 8

span from one side to other

Question 9

on which side carbohydrates are attached to protein

Answer 9

exterior side of CM they extend into the extracellular space

Question 10

what are the function of membrane

Answer 10

barrier
all functions of proteins

Question 11

phospholipids are syntesized from

Answer 11

phosphatidic acid

Question 12

name the two mechanism that add head groups to phosphatidic acid

Answer 12

head grp activation : phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine are produced
phosphatidyl serine is formed by a head group substitution of serine for ethanolamine in phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 13

phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol ,and cardiolipin are formed by

Answer 13

activating phosphatidic acid to CDP-DAG (cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol

Question 14

phospholipids and sphingolipids are the major components of

Answer 14

cell membrane

Question 15

what are amphipathic molecule

Answer 15

one portion is hydrophilic and associates with H2O and another portion contains the hydrocarbon chain derived from FAs which are hydrophobic associated with lipids

Question 16

phosphoglycerides contain

Answer 16

glycerol, fatty acids and phosphate

Question 17

phospholipase help in degradation of

Answer 17

phosphoglycerides

Question 18

sphingolipids are synthesized from

Answer 18

ceramide, produced from serine and palmitoyl-CoA

Question 19

during degradation lysosomal enzyme removes

Answer 19

phosphocholine and sugar units

Question 20

which FA serve as a major component of lung surfactant in adults, allowing lungs to function properly

Answer 20

dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

Question 21

dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine develops in fetus

Answer 21

after week 30 of gestation

Question 22

acute respiratory distress syndrome occur in premature infants due to

Answer 22

do not have an adequate amt of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

Question 23

name the disease that has deficient with following substance
alpha-galactosidase
beta glucosidase
sphingomyelinase
hexosaminidase

Answer 23

alpha-galactosidase - fabry’s disease
beta glucosidase - gaucher’s disease
sphingomyelinase-neimann pick
hexosaminidase - tay-sachs disease

Question 24

peroxisomal disorders includes

Answer 24

adrenoleukodystrophy and zellweger syndrome

Question 25

what is adrenoleukodystrophy

Answer 25

x-linked disorder affects the transport of VLCFA into peroxisomes for initial oxidation

Question 26

adrenoleukodystrophy leads to

Answer 26

accumulation of VLCFAs which appear to target the adrenal glands and myelin sheath for destruction

Question 27

children with adrenoleukodystrophy experience

Answer 27

cognitive deficiencies, nervous system deterioration, seizures, visual impairment and may develop addison's disease, a loss of adrenal gland function

Question 28

lack of peroxisomes leads to

Answer 28

build up of VLCFAs, an inability to degrade branched FA

Question 29

lack of peroxisome give rise to

Answer 29

zellweger syndrome neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy infantile refsum disease

Question 30

give an eg of branched chain FA

Answer 30

phytanic acid

Question 31

zellweger syndrome is a peroxisome biogenesis disorder, which is one of the

Answer 31

luekodystrophies

Question 32

symptoms of zellweger syndrome

Answer 32

enlarged liver, mental retardation, and seizures

Question 33

infants with zellweger syndrome lack

Answer 33

appropriate muscle strength and may be unable to move

Question 34

the eicosanoids are synthesised from

Answer 34

PUFA

Question 35

give eg for eicosanoids

Answer 35

prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes

Question 36

PUFAs are released from membrane lipid by___________ which is inhibited by ___________ and ______________

Answer 36

phospholipase A2 glucocorticoids and other steroidal anti-inflammatory agents

Question 37

for prostaglandin synthesis, the PUFA is cyclized and oxidized by a ____________ which is inhibited by _______

Answer 37

cyclooxygenase aspirin and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent

Question 38

which eicosanoids are produced from arachidonic acid by a different pathway

Answer 38

leukotrienese

Question 39

prostaglandins has effects on tissues includes

Answer 39

inflammation, pain, fever and aspects of reproduction

Question 40

prostaglandins are known as

Answer 40

autocoids

Question 41

These prostaglandins are known as autocoids because

Answer 41

they exert their effects primarily in the tissue in which they are produced

Question 42

which prostacyclins inhibit platelet aggregation

Answer 42

PGI2 produced by vascular endothelial cells

Question 43

what will promote platelet aggregation

Answer 43

thromboxanes (TXA2)

Question 44

nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are

Answer 44

aspirin and ibuprofen

Question 45

NSAIDs inhibits

Answer 45

cyclooxygenase involved in prostaglandin synthesis

Question 46

what are the action of NSAIDs

Answer 46

reduce pain, inflammation, and fever associated with the action of the prostaglandins

Question 47

platelet aggregation in conjunction with

Answer 47

atherosclerotic plaques, often precipitates heart attacks

Question 48

what are two form of cyclooxygenase

Answer 48

COX1 & COX2

Question 49

name the drugs that affect COX1 & COX2

Answer 49

aspirin NSAIDs

Question 50

name the specific drug that is reversible inhibitor that only affect COX2

Answer 50

celecoxib

Question 51

which FA is the major precursor for the synthesis of the leukotrienes

Answer 51

arachidonic acid

Question 52

arachidonic acid derived from

Answer 52

membrane phospholipids

Question 53

what is the first step in synthesis of leukotrienes

Answer 53

oxygen is added by lipoxygenases and a family of linear molecule

Question 54

what is formed in the synthesis of the leukotrienes

Answer 54

hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids ( HPETEs)

Question 55

leukotrienes are involved in which type of reaction

Answer 55

allergic reaction

Question 56

leukotrienes contribute to the symptoms of asthma by

Answer 56

acting as bronchoconstricting agent, narrowing the airway, and making it more difficulty to breathe

Question 57

solubility of ethanol

Answer 57

both lipid and water soluble

Question 58

greater than 80% of the absorbed ethanol is metabolized in the

Answer 58

liver

Question 59

what are the alcohol induced liver disease

Answer 59

fatty liver, alcohol-induced hepatitis, and cirrhosis

Question 60

fatty liver result from ethanol inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, resulting in

Answer 60

fatty acid buildup in the liver

Question 61

alcohol-induced hepatitis results from

Answer 61

acetaldehyde and free radical generation from ethanol metabolism in liver

Question 62

cirrhosis occur as a

Answer 62

accumulation of damage to the hepatocytes, leading to fibrosis and loss of liver function