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s1 cell bio > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common type of organic compound

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates

A

storage of energy

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3
Q

what is the smallest unit of a carbohydrate

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

give the three categories of carbohydrates

A

mono, di and poly saccharides

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5
Q

what elements do carbohydrates contain

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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6
Q

what’s the formula for carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)N

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7
Q

how many atoms do carbohydrates usually contain

A

3-7

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8
Q

give 5 functions of carbohydrates

A

major source of metabolic energy, structural material, components of nucleic acids (deoxy)ribose, component of ATP, recognition sites on the surface of cells

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9
Q

how may you classify carbohydrates

A

complexity, size, functional group,

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10
Q

what are simple carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

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11
Q

what are some complex carbohydrates

A

disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

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12
Q

give examples of different sizes of carbohydrates

A

triose (3C), Tetrose (4C), Pentose (5C), Hexoses, (6C), heptoses (7C)

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13
Q

what is the name of the aldehyde functional group

A

aldose

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14
Q

what is the name of the ketone functional group

A

ketose

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15
Q

what position is aldose in the chain

A

at the end of the chain

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16
Q

what position does ketose have in the chain

A

in the middle/centre of the chain

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17
Q

what are some features of monosaccharides

A

colourless, crystalline solids, very soluble in water

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18
Q

what are the most abundant sugars

A

hexoses

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19
Q

what is the formula for hexoses

A

C6H12O6

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20
Q

what happens to a straight chain form hexose when in an aqueous environment

A

they fold into rings due to a reaction of the functional group with a hydroxyl group

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21
Q

what are the two pathways that can happen to the hydroxyl group during ring formation

A

it can be trapped in either alpha or beta form.

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22
Q

what position is alpha form

A

when the hydroxyl group is down (opposite sides to the CH2OH group)

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23
Q

what position is the beta form in

A

when the hydroxyl group is up (same side as the CH2OH group)

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24
Q

what happens to the O from the carbonyl group when the reaction to form the ring takes place?

A

the O becomes a hydroxyl group and goes into either alpha or beta formation

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25
Q

give an example of a hexose

A

fructose, glucose, galactose

26
Q

what is an isomer?

A

molecule with the same chemical formula but with a different arrangement of atoms

27
Q

what is a stereoisomer

A

atoms of a molecule bonded together in the same order but the have a different 3D organisation of atoms around one of their asymmetric carbons i.e glucose and galactose

28
Q

give two examples of pentoses

A

ribose and deoxyribose

29
Q

what is the bond formed between two monosaccharides after a condensation dehydration reaction

A

glycosidic linkage

30
Q

explain how a glycosidic linkage occurs

A

the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide combines with the hydrogen of another, releasing a water molecule and forming a covalent bond

31
Q

what does a 1-4 linkage mean?

A

carbon 1 linking with carbon 4

32
Q

name 3 common disaccharides

A

lactose, maltose, sucrose

33
Q

can polysaccharides pass out of cells

A

no

34
Q

are polysaccharides easily soluble in water

A

no

35
Q

give 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

36
Q

give an example of a modified polysaccharide

A

chitin

37
Q

give the two types of starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

38
Q

write down the function of starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin

A

energy storage, energy storage, structural role and structural role

39
Q

true or false starch is a mixture of two polysaccharides

A

true amylose and amylopectin

40
Q

how is excess glucose stored in plants

A

stored as starch in roots and seeds

41
Q

are the glucose monomoers in the alpha or beta form in starch

A

alpha

42
Q

what do the chains of amylose look like? branched/unbranched, helical/pleated

A

unbranched helical structure

43
Q

what linkage takes place in amylose?

A

1-4 linkage

44
Q

what do the chains of amylopectin look like? branched/unbranched, alpha or beta

A

branched helical alpha

45
Q

what linkages take place in amylopectin?

A

1-4 in the main chains and 1-6 in the branches

46
Q

how spaced apart are the branches in amylopectin

A

every 30th monomer there is a short side chain

47
Q

what is glycogen

A

the stored form of glucose in humans + other vertebraes

48
Q

are there more branches in glycogen or amylopectin

A

glycogenwh

49
Q

where is glycogen typically stored

A

liver + muscle cells

50
Q

whenever blood glucose levels decreas, glycogen is broken down via hydrolysis- what is hydrolysis

A

the opposite of a condensation reaction. it is a catabolic reaction, where a water molecule is added to break down larger molecules into smaller ones

51
Q

define glycogenolysis

A

when glycogen is broken down into glucose when energy is needed

52
Q

is cellulose branched/unbranched and alpha or beta

A

unbranched Beta

53
Q

what linkage takes place in cellulose?

A

1-4 linkage

54
Q

are there side chains in cellulose

A

no- so the molecules lie close together

55
Q

why is cellulose so rigid/stiff

A

hydrogen bonds form between the chains

56
Q

what form are the glucose monomers in cellulose

A

B form

57
Q

can the B glycosidic linkages be broken down by human digestive enzymes

A

no, we do not have the enzymes to do so

58
Q

where can chitin be found in nature

A

arthropods i.e insects and crustaceans

59
Q

how does chitin differ from regular carbohydrates

A

it has modified glucose molecules that have a nitrogen-containing functional group

60
Q

what is glucosamine

A

glucose modified by addition of amino groups

61
Q
A

s1 cell bio (8 decks)

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