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1.1 Cell Biology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of organic compound?

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

What 3 elements are present in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen

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4
Q

Formula for carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)x

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5
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Energy storage, structural roll, component of nucleic acids & energy carriers, recognition site on the cell surface

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6
Q

Name 3 ways of classifying carbohydrates

A

Size, complexity, functional groups

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7
Q

What are some complex carbohydrates

A

Disaccharide, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide

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8
Q

What is the name given to sugars with the aldehyde functional group?

A

Aldoses

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9
Q

What is the name given to sugars with the ketone functional group?

A

Ketoses

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of monosaccharides?

A

Colourless, crystalline structure, water soluble

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11
Q

What size sugars are the most common?

A

Hexoses?

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12
Q

What formula do hexoses have?

A

C6H12O6

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13
Q

What happens to hexoses in aqueous solution?

A

They form rings

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14
Q

If the hydroxide group is on the same side as the CH2OH, what form of the sugar is it?

A

Beta

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15
Q

If the hydroxide group is on the opposite side as the CH2OH, what form of the sugar is it?

A

Alpha

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16
Q

Name 3 common hexoses

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

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17
Q

What is glucose?

A

Sugar in blood & an energy molecule

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18
Q

What is galactose?

A

Sugar in milk

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19
Q

What is fructose?

A

Sugar in honey

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20
Q

All hexoses are … of each other

A

Isomers

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21
Q

Glucose & galactose are … of each other

A

Stereoisomers

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22
Q

What type of sugar are ribose & deoxyribose?

A

Pentoses

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23
Q

What type of reaction forms glycosidic linkage?

A

Condensation dehydration

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24
Q

What molecule is lost in a condensation dehydration reaction?

A

Water

25
Q

What bond is found in maltose?

A

Glucose-Glucose alpha 1-4 linkage

26
Q

What bond is found in lactose?

A

Glucose-Galactose beta 1-4 linkage

27
Q

What bond is found in sucrose?

A

Glucose-Fructose alpha 1-2 linkage

28
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Long chain of monosaccharides

29
Q

What are some features of polysaccharides?

A

Not as water soluble as monosaccharides, unable to pass in & out of cell

30
Q

Name two storage polysaccharides

A

Starch & glycogen

31
Q

Name the two forms of starch

A

Amylose & amylopectin

32
Q

What is the role of starch in seeds?

A

To provide food to the embryo during germination

33
Q

What form is glucose in in starch?

A

Alpha

34
Q

What is amylose made up of?

A

Glucose chains joined with 1-4 glycosidic linkage

35
Q

What shape does amylose have?

A

Helical

36
Q

Does amylose have branched chains?

A

No

37
Q

What is the pain difference between amylose & amylopectin?

A

Branched chains

38
Q

Does amylopectin have branched chains?

A

Yes

39
Q

What makes up amylopectin?

A

Glucose chains with 1-4 glycosidic linkages with periodic 1-6 glycosidic linkages at the site if branching

40
Q

What shape does amylopectin have?

A

Helical

41
Q

How often does branching occur in amylopectin?

A

Approximately every 30 carbon atoms

42
Q

What is the storage polysaccharide in vertebrates?

A

Glycogen

43
Q

Does glycogen have branched chains?

A

Yes

44
Q

What is the difference between amylopectin and glycogen?

A

Higher degree of branching in glycogen

45
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Liver & muscle cells

46
Q

What occurs when the body’s blood glucose level is low?

A

Glycogen broken down to glucose via hydrolysis

47
Q

What is the name of the process in which glycogen is broken down to glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis

48
Q

What structural polysaccharide is found in plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose

49
Q

What is cellulose made up of?

A

Unbranched glucose molecules

50
Q

What type of bonds exist between glucose monomers in a cellulose polymer?

A

Glucose-glucose beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages

51
Q

What forms between chains of cellulose?

A

Hydrogen bonds

52
Q

What feature do bonds between cellulose chains cause?

A

Series of stiff elongated fibrils

53
Q

Why can’t most animals digest cellulose?

A

They don’t possess the enzymes necessary to break down the beta glycosidic bonds

54
Q

What allows certain herbivores digest cellulose?

A

Microbes living in the oral cavity

55
Q

What polysaccharide is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods?

A

Chitin

56
Q

What microorganism has chitin in their cell walls?

A

Fungi

57
Q

What is the monomer of chitin?

A

Glucosamine

58
Q

What is the difference between glucose & glucosamine?

A

Glucosamine contains an amino group

1.1 Cell Biology (7 decks)

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