Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

Answer 1

Vitamins, minerals, fats, proteins, carbohydrates, water

Question 2

What are the chemical components of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 3

What are the essential nutrients?

Answer 3

The nutrients we need to get through food

Question 4

What are non essential nutrients?

Answer 4

The nutrients produced in the body

Question 5

What are the essential functions of nutrients?

Answer 5

• Provide energy (carbohydrates, protein, fats)
• maintaining a constant internal environment (water, minerals, protein, fat)
• regulating metabolic processes (carbohydrates, proteins, fat, vitamins, minerals, water

Question 6

How many essential nutrients are there?

Answer 6

About 45

Question 7

Which nutrients provide energy to the body?

Answer 7

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins (the three macro nutrients) (as a bonus, alcohol provides energy as well)

Question 8

Which nutrients do not provide energy to the body?

Answer 8

Vitamins, minerals and water (the three micronutrients)

Question 9

What is the main provider of energy in the body?

Answer 9

Carbohydrates

Question 10

What does the term carbohydrate denote?

Answer 10

A class of nutrients ranging from simple sugars (glucose) to complex carbohydrates (starch and indigestible fiber)

Question 11

What is the opinion on simple sugars?

Answer 11

They are bad for you since they absorb easily and there is a higher risk of hyper glasimia

Question 12

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 12

• Provide a source of energy, facilitate metabolism and control body temperature
• provide glucose that the brain, white and red blood cells rely on for their source of energy
  -glucose can also be converted to glycogen in muscle and the liver for storage

Question 13

What is the main role of proteins?

Answer 13

Tissue synthesis (building muscles)

Question 14

What is the types of ketone bodies and how do they accumulate?

Answer 14

Acetone, acetoacetate, 2-Hydroxybutyric acid
-they form when there is not enough carbohydrates to perform proper fat metabolism

Question 15

What is the most abundant carbohydrate found in nature?

Answer 15

Glucose

Question 16

What are complex carbohydrates, and can you provide examples?

Answer 16

Complex carbohydrates are longer-chain glucose molecules. Examples include starch and fiber.

Question 17

What are sugar alcohols, and can you name two examples?

Answer 17

Sugar alcohols are alcohol forms of glucose and fructose. Two examples are sorbitol and mannitol.

Question 18

How do most sugars end their names?

Answer 18

Most sugars end with the suffix -ose.

Question 19

What suffix is commonly found in the names of digestive enzymes?

Answer 19

Digestive enzymes often end with the suffix -ase.

Question 20

Provide an example of a sugar ending with -ose and its corresponding digestive enzyme.

Answer 20

The disaccharide sucrose ends with -ose, and its digestive enzyme is sucrase.

Question 21

What sugars (monosaccharides) do you need to know?

Answer 21

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 22

What sugars (disaccharides) do you need to know?

Answer 22

Sucrose, lactose and maltose

Question 23

What does oligosaccharides mean?

Answer 23

A few

Question 24

What polysaccharides do you need to know?

Answer 24

Starch and fiber

Question 25

What are short chain fatty acids used as?

Answer 25

Fuel for tissues Examples of SCF are Acetane, Propínate and Butyrate

Question 26

What are simple carbohydrates seen as? (Glucose, fructose and galactose)

Answer 26

As unhealthy

Question 27

Where can you naturally find glucose?

Answer 27

In fruit and vegetables such as grapes, figs, tomatoes and apples

Question 28

Where can you find Fructose? (The sweetest of the monosaccharides)

Answer 28

Honey and many fruits

Question 29

Where can you find galactose?

Answer 29

DOES NOT OCCUR IN NATURE ALONE! Can be found in dairy products (derives from lactose hydrolysis)

Question 30

What are the major disaccharides?

Answer 30

Lactose, maltose and sucrose

Question 31

Where do you find sucrose?

Answer 31

Sugar cane, sugar beets, maple sugar, fruits and vegetables

Question 32

Where do you find maltose?

Answer 32

Malt beverages (beer)and cereals.

Question 33

Where do you find lactose? 🐄

Answer 33

Milk and related dairy products only

Question 34

what are polysaccharides composed of?

Answer 34

More than 10 sugar units linked together in different configurations

Question 35

What does the diatry polysaccharides include?

Answer 35

Starch and fibre

Question 36

What is the animal storage form of glucose?

Answer 36

Glycogen

Question 37

Where is glycogen formed, and what is the name of this process?

Answer 37

In the liver, known as "glycogenesis"

Question 38

Where is glycogen stored, and for what?

Answer 38

In the muscle and liver for utilization when the body needs energy

Question 39

What are the three main roles of fibre?

Answer 39

Promoting gastrointestinal function and motility Interfering with the absorption of dietary fat & cholesterol Slowing the absorption of glucose to regulate insulin secretion

Question 40

What are some food sources for Starch?

Answer 40

Bread, pasta, rice, potatoes..

Question 40

What are some food sources for fibre?

Answer 40

Whole grain products like bread, cereal, pasta. Also potatoes with skin, unpeeled vegetables, whole fruits..

Question 40

How much of an adults calories should come from carbohydrates and what are the other percents?

Answer 40

50% should be carbohydrates, 5% sugar, and Fibre should be 30g (most people eats to little fibre)

Question 40

How is sugar alcohols, such as SORBITOL produced?

Answer 40

an aldehyde converts to OH

Question 41

What is the main fuel for cells?

Answer 41

Glucose

Question 42

What is Diabetes mellitus?

Answer 42

A group of disorders characterized by high levels of serum (blood) glucose (hyperglycaemia), high level of glucose in blood.

Question 43

What are the results of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 43

- Insulin resistance by cells - Impaired insulin secretion by the pancreas - And/or increased hepatic glucose production

Question 44

Why are there so many undiagnosed cases of diabetes? ex. 8 out of 29 million in America

Answer 44

Type one has symptoms but type two does not show symptoms that easily

Question 45

What are the biggest risk factors of Diabetes?

Answer 45

Blindness, amputation (infection), renal disease (kidney problems) and premature deaths

Question 46

What does IDDM stand for?

Answer 46

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type one). The body does not secrete enough/or nothing at all

Question 47

What are the results of T1 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 47

Glucose cannot be taken up by cells and rises in the blood above normal levels (hyperglycaemia). Excess es excreted in the urine, and body cells become "starved" for energy

Question 48

What are some symptoms of T1DM?

Answer 48

polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive appetite), and polyuria (excessive urination), as well as weight loss, dehydration, and electrolyte disturbances

Question 49

How do you monitor T1DM?

Answer 49

With frequent blood glucose self-monitoring, daily insulin injections, a healthy diet, carbohydrate monitoring and regular physical activity

Question 50

What defects does T2DM have?

Answer 50

-Secretion of insulin by the pancreas (as in T1DM) -Increased hepatic glucose production -And/or defects in the action of insulin at the cellular level (insulin resistance)

Question 51

What are some risk factors for T2DM?

Answer 51

- Family history of diabetes - Obesity - Physical INactivity - Identified as pre-diabetic - Hypertension 140/90 or greater - High cholesterol and triglyceride level - Race/ethnicity

Question 52

What does Blood glucose response measure as?

Answer 52

Area under Curve (AUC), used to find out the Glycaemic index (GI)