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3S - Biochem Lec > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

It is polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones or
compounds that can be hydrolyzed to them

A

Carbohydrates`

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2
Q

3 types of Carbohydrates

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Oligosaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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3
Q

Compounds that contain a single carbonyl group and two or more hydroxyl groups

a. monosaccharides
b. oligosaccharides
c. polysaccharides

A

A.

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4
Q

Cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler carbohydrates

a. monosaccharides
b. oligosaccharides
c. polysaccharides

A

A.

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5
Q

Have the general formula Cn(H2O)n

a. monosaccharides
b. oligosaccharides
c. polysaccharides

A

A.

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6
Q

Sugars linked by glycosidic bonds

a. monosaccharides
b. oligosaccharides
c. polysaccharides

A

B.

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7
Q

Formed when many monosaccharides are bonded together

a. monosaccharides
b. oligosaccharides
c. polysaccharides

A

C.

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8
Q

3 Functions of Carbohydrates

A
  1. Major energy sources
  2. *Oligosaccharides - Play a key role in processes that take place on the surface of cells, such as cell-cell interactions and immune recognition
  3. Polysaccharides - essential structural components of several classes of organisms
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9
Q

It is the building blocks of all carbohydrates

a. mono
b. oligo
c. poly

A

A. Monosaccharides

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10
Q

3 Types of Monosaccharides (AKT)

A
  1. Aldose
  2. Ketose
  3. Triose
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11
Q

DEtermine what type of monosacharides is this:
- Monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group as part of its structure

a. Aldose
b. Ketose
c. Triose

A

a. Aldose

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12
Q

Determine what monosaccharides is this:
- Monosaccharide containing a ketone group as part of its structure

a. Aldose
b. Ketose
c. Triose

A

b. Ketose

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13
Q

Determine what type of monosaccharides is this:
- implest monosaccharide that contians three carbon atoms
- ex. Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

a. Aldose
b. Ketose
c. Triose

A

c. Triose

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14
Q

2 examples of Triose monosaccharides

A
  1. Glyceraldehyde
  2. Dihydroxyacetone
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15
Q

Determine what Triose is this:
- Does not contain a chiral carbon atom

a. Glyceraldehyde
b. Dihydroxyacetone

A

b. Dihydroxyacetone

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16
Q

Determine what triose is this:
- Does not exist in nonsuperimposable mirror-image forms

a. Glyceraldehyde
b. Dihydroxyacetone

A

b. Dihydroxyacetone

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17
Q

Determine what Triose is this:
- SImplest carbohydrate that contains a chiral carbon
a. Glyceraldehyde
b. Dihydroxyacetone

A

A. Glyceraldehyde

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18
Q

DEtermine what type of Triose is this:
- Exists in two isomeric forms that are mirror images of each other

a. Dihydroxyacetone
b. Glyceroacetone

A

b. Glyceroacetone

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19
Q

2 Stereoisomerism in Monosaccharides

A
  1. Stereoisomers (optical isomers)
  2. Enantiomers
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20
Q

What stereoisomerism in Monosaccharide is this?

  • Molecules that differ from each other only in their configuration

a. Stereoisomers
b. Enantiomers

A

Stereoisomers (optical isomers)

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21
Q

What stereoisomerism in Monosaccharide is this?

  • There is Configuration where three-dimensional arrangement of groups around a chiral carbon atom

a. Stereoisomers
b. Enaantiomers

A

a. Stereoissomers

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22
Q

What stereoisomerism in Monosaccharide is this?

  • Mirror-image, nonsuperimposable stereoisomers

a. Stereoisomers
b. Enantiomers

A

b. Enantiomers

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23
Q

What stereoisomerism in Monosaccharide is this?

  • Mirror-image, nonsuperimposable stereoisomers

a. Stereoisomers
b. Enantiomers

A

b. Enantiomers

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24
Q

What stereoisomerism in Monosaccharide is this?

  • has an example of D-glyceraldehyde and L-glyceraldehyde which are enatiomers of each other

a. Stereoisomers
b. Enantiomers

A

b. Enantiomers

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25
In the streoisomerism in Monosaccharides, T/F. Is is true that there is a possibility of stereoisomerism increases as the number of carbon atoms increases?
True
26
It is a wwo-dimensional representations of the stereochemistry of three-dimensional molecules ______ projections.
Fischer Projections
27
It is where bonds are written in a two-dimensional representation showing the configuration of tetrahedral stereocenters
Fischer Projections
28
Bonds written _______(horizontally/vertically) represent bonds directed ***in*** ***front*** ***of*** ***the*** ***paper*** in three dimensions
Horizontally
29
Bonds written ___________(horizontally/vertically) represent bonds directed ***behind*** ***the*** ***paper*** in three dimensions
Vertically
30
Fischer Prjections has 3 features.
1. Most highly oxidized carbon is written at the top and is designated C-1 2. D configuration 3. L configuration
31
In Fischer Prjections, other carbon sequence are nmbered in sequence from the _____ (top/bottom)
Top
32
In Fischer Projections, D configuration: - —OH is on the ____(right/left) of the highest-numbered ciral number.
Right
33
—OH is on the ***right*** of the highest-numbered chiral carbon a. D configuration b. L configuration
a. d configuration
34
In Fischer Projections, L configuration: - —OH is on the ____(right/left) of the highest-numbered ciral number.
Left
35
—OH is on the ***left*** of the highest-numbered chiral carbon a. D configuration b. L configuration
b. L configuration
36
Contain **two** **chiral** **carbons**, C-2 and C-3, and four possible stereoisomers a. Aldotetroses b. Triose
a. Aldotetroses
37
It is where two isomers have the D configuration, and two have the L configuration a. Aldotetroses b. Triose
a. Aldotetroses
38
2 types of Aldotetroses
1. Diastereomers 2. Epimers
39
Determine what type of Aldotetroses: - Nonsuperimposable, non–mirror- image stereoisomers a. Diastereomers b. Epimers
a. Diasteereomers
40
Determine what type of Aldotetroses: - Where L-threose is a diastereomer of both D- and L-erythrose a. Diastereomers b. Epimers
a. Diastereomers
41
Determine what type of Aldotetroses: - Diastereomers that differ from each other in the configuration at only one chiral carbon a. Diastereomers b. Epimers
B. epimers
42
Determine what type of Aldotetroses: - has an example of D-erythrose and D-threose are epimers a. Diastereomers b. Epimers
b. Epimers
43
Streochemical Relationships among Monosaccharides Hierchy: 1
D-Glyceraldehyde
44
Streochemical Relationships among Monosaccharides Hierchy: 2 - It is under D-Glyceraldehyde
- D-Erthrose - D-Threose
45
Streochemical Relationships among Monosaccharides Hierchy: 3 left side - It is under D-Erythrose
- D-Ribose - D-Arabinose
46
Streochemical Relationships among Monosaccharides Hierchy: 3 right side - It is under D-Threose
- D-Xylose - D-Lyxose
47
Streochemical Relationships among Monosaccharides Hierchy: 4 (Last, bottom) - It is under D-Ribose
- D-Allose - D-Altrose
48
Streochemical Relationships among Monosaccharides Hierchy: 4 (Last, bottom) - It is under D-Arabinose
- D-Glucose - D-Mannose
49
Streochemical Relationships among Monosaccharides Hierchy: 4 (Last, bottom) - It is under D-Xylose
- D-Glucose - D-Idose
50
Streochemical Relationships among Monosaccharides Hierchy: 4 (Last, bottom) - It is under D-Lyxose
- D-Galactose - D-Talose
51
Cyclization of sugars takes place because of interaction between functional groups on distant carbons, such as C-1 and C-5, to form a cyclic hemiacetal in aldohexoses a. Hemiacetal b. Hemiketal
a
52
Determine what Cyclic Sugar: - Compound that is formed by the reaction of an aldehyde with an alcohol
Hemiacetal
53
Determine what cyclic sugar: - Compound that is formed by the reaction of a ketone with an alcohol
Hemiketal
54
Cyclization due to interaction between C-2 and C-5 results in hemiketal formation in ketohexoses a. Hemiacetal b. Hemiketal
b. Hemiketal
55
In both cases of Hemiacetal and Hemaketal, what do you call the carbonyl carbon that becomes a chiral center?
Anomeric Carbon
56
One of the possible stereoisomers formed when a sugar assumes the cyclic form Cyclic Structure: ______
Anomers
57
Cyclic structures are shown in perspective drawings as planar five- or six-membered rings viewed nearly edge on a. Fischer Projection b. Haworth Projection
b.
58
Determine what Haworth Prjection Formula is this: - Cyclic sugar with a five-membered ring Structures a. Furanose b. Pyranose
a. Furanose
59
2 types of Haworth Projection Formulas
1. Furanose 2. Pyranose
60
Determine what Haworth Prjection Formula is this: - Rings are very nearly planar a. Furanose b. Pyranose
a. Furanose
61
Determine what Haworth Prjection Formula is this: - Cyclic form of a sugar containing a six-membered ring a. Furanose b. Pyranose
b.
62
Determine what Haworth Prjection Formula is this: - Rings exist in solution in the chair conformation a. Furanose b. Pyranose
b. Pyranose
63
Designation of Haworth Projection Formulas: - β-means that —OH on the anomeric carbon is a. cis b. trans
a. Cis
64
Designation of Haworth Projection Formulas: - β-means that —OH on the anomeric carbon is a. cis b. trans
65
**Redox** **Reactions** **of** **Simple** Sugars** Aldehyde groups can be oxidized to give the _____ group
Carbonyl gorup
66
**Redox** **Reactions** **of** **Simple** Sugars** Aldoses are _______ that contain a free carbonyl group and can react with an oxidizing agent
reducing sugars
67
**Redox** **Reactions** **of** **Simple** Sugars** - Ketoses can also be _______ because they isomerize to aldoses
reducing sugars
68
**Redox** **Reactions** **of** **Simple** Sugars** - Oxidation of a cyclic hemiacetal form gives a ______, which is a cyclic ester linking the carboxyl group and one of the sugar alcohols
lactone
69
**Redox** **Reactions** **of** **Simple** Sugars** - What test is used to detect the presence of reducing sugars?
Tollens test
70
**Redox** **Reactions** **of** **Simple** Sugars** - What is used as the oxidizing agent?
Ag(NH3)2+ - Silver ammonia
71
**Redox** **Reactions** **of** **Simple** Sugars** - What would be the result in Tollens reagent test if anomeric carbons are **involved** **in** **a** **glycosidic** **linkage?** Positive or Negative
Negative
72
**Redox** **Reactions** **of** **Simple** Sugars** - What would be the result in Tollens reagent test if **another** anomeric carbon is **not** **bonded** and **is** **free**? Positive or Negative
Positive
73
What do you call the reduced sugars in which a hydrogen atom is substituted for one of the hydroxyl groups of the sugar
**Deoxy** **Sugar**
74
What do you call the Polyhydroxy alcohols that result when the carbonyl group of a sugar is reduced to a hydroxyl group
**Alditols**
75
Order of **Alditols**
- D-Sorbose - D-Sorbitol - D-Xylitol - D-Xylulose
76
**Sugar** **Esters** What do you call the Intermediates in the breakdown of carbohydrates to provide energy
Phosphate Esters
77
**Sugar** **Esters** It is Formed by transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to give the phosphorylated sugar and ADP
Phosphate esters
78
**Formation** **of** **Glycosidic** **Bonds** - What do you call the compound formed when a hemiacetal carbon reacts with an alcohol to give a full acetal
Glycoside
79
**Formation** **of** **Glycosidic** **Bonds** - Resulting bond is called ____.
Glycosidic bond
80
**Formation** **of** **Glycosidic** **Bonds** - Glycosides involving a furanose
Furanosides
81
**Formation** **of** **Glycosidic** **Bonds** - Glycosides involving a pyranos
Pyranosides
82
**Formation** **of** **Glycosidic** **Bonds** - Glycosidic bonds between monosaccharide units are the basis for the formation of _______ and _______.
Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides
83
**Formation** **of** **Glycosidic** **Bonds** - T/F: Glycosidic lingkages take many forms
True (Anomeric carbon of one sugar can be bonded to any one of the —OH groups on the second sugar to form an α- or β-glycosidic linkage)
84
**Formation** **of** **Glycosidic** **Bonds** - Anomeric form of the sugar that is involved in the **bond** - Carbon atoms of the two sugars that are **linked** **together**
none of
85
**Two** **Different** **Disaccharides** **of** α- **D-Glucose**
1. α (1–>4) Glycosidic bond 2. α (1–>6) Glycosidic bond
86
**A** **Disaccharides** **of** **β-D-Glucose**
β, β (1–>1) GLycosidic bond
87
**A** **Disaccharides** **of** **β-D-Glucose**

3S - Biochem Lec (7 decks)

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