Nucleic Acids

Question 1

What do you call the transfer of characteristics from generation to generation?

Answer 1

Heredity

Question 2

True or False

All genes lead to the production of proteins and another type of nucleic acids (RNA)

Answer 2

False

not all genes lead to protein production but all lead to RNA production

Question 3

what do you call the monomers of nucleic acids?

Answer 3

Nucleotdies

Question 4

Two types of nucleic acids?

Answer 4

DNA &RNA

Question 5

A nucleotide is composed of three simpler units, what’re they?

Answer 5

base
monosaccharide
phosphate

Question 6

All of the bases of nucleic acids are ____ because they are heterocyclic aromatic amines.

Answer 6

Basic

Question 7

Two types of bases?

Answer 7

Purines and Pyramidines

Question 8

Among the bases of nucleic acids, which of them are purines and which are pyrimidines?

Answer 8

Purine = A & G
Pyrimidine = T, C, & U

Question 9

How does thymine differ from uracil structurally?

Answer 9

methyl group at carbon 5

Question 10

Which N will lose a hydrogen when the bases of nucleic acids bond with monosaccharides?

diff purine w pyrimidine

Answer 10

Purine = N-9
Pyrimidine = N-1
based sa carbon numberings sa rings

also remember that purines are double-ringed while pyrimidine isa lang

Question 11

Sugar component of RNA is what?

Answer 11

D-ribose

Question 12

Sugar component of DNA?

Answer 12

2-deoxy-D-ribose

Question 13

Structurally, which Carbon will have the presence or absence of -OH for it to be classified as a sugar of RNA or DNA?

Answer 13

Carbon 2

RNA = may OH sa carbon 2 (D-ribose)
DNA = H lang nasa carbon 2 (2-deoxy-D-ribose)

Question 14

the combination of a sugar and base is known as a what?

Answer 14

nucleoside

Question 15

The bases of purines are linked to carbon number what of the monosaccharide to the nitrogen number what of the base?

Answer 15

C-1 to N-9

Question 16

The bases of pyrimidines are linked to carbon number what of the monosaccharide to the nitrogen number what of the base?

Answer 16

C-1 to N-1

Question 17

The bases and monosaccharides are connected via a bond called?

Answer 17

B-N-glycosidic bond

Question 18

What do you call the nucleoside made of adenine and ribose? what about adenine and deoxyribose?

Answer 18

Adenosine; Deoxyadenosine

Question 19

what do you call a nucleoside bonded to one, two, or three phosphate groups?

Answer 19

nucleotide

Question 20

When phosphoric acid forms a ____ bond with nucleoside, the result forms a compound known as a nucleotide

Answer 20

phosphate ester bond

or phosphodiester bond

Question 21

What do you call a nucleoside in which a molecule of phosphoric acid is esterified with an –OH of the monosaccharide, most commonly either at the 3’or the 5’–OH?

Answer 21

Nucleotide

Question 22

What do you call the common currency into which energy gained from good is converted and stored?

Answer 22

ATP

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate

Question 23

what are the two parts of the primary structure of nucleotides?

Answer 23

backbone
bases that are side-chain grps

Question 24

the backbone of nucleic acids in its primary structure is composed of what?

Answer 24

alternating monosaccharide and phosphate groups

Question 25

Each phosphate group forms a phosphate ester bond from the ____ carbon of a monosaccharide unit to the ____ carbon of another monosaccharide

Answer 25

3’; 5’

Question 26

Similar to proteins, we need a convention to tell us which end to start with when we write the sequence of bases and for nucleotides, we will start where?

Answer 26

nucleotide w/ free 5’ terminus

Question 27

What do you call the arrangement in which two strands of DNA are coiled around each other in a screw-like fashio?

Answer 27

Double helix

Question 28

In an aqueous environment, the bases point where? The backbone is where? inward, outward, inside, outside

Answer 28

inward; outside bases are hydrophobic; sugar-phosphate group is hydrophilic due to its negative charge

Question 29

Whose rule stated that the DNA bases form hydrogen bonds to another specific base?

Answer 29

Chargaff’s rule from Erwin Chargaff who showed that quantity of A is similar to T and C to G

Question 30

How many H-bonds can we find in an A-T complementary base pair?

Answer 30

2 hydrogen bonds

Question 31

How many H-bonds can we find in an C-G complementary base pair?

Answer 31

3 hydrogen bonds

Question 32

DNA is coiled around proteins called?

Answer 32

histones

Question 33

Histones are rich in the basic amino acids what?

Answer 33

Lys & Arg

Question 34

The negatively-charged DNA molecules and positively-charged histones attract one another and form units called ____.

Answer 34

Nucleosomes

Question 35

What do you call a core of eight histone molecules around which the DNA helix is wrapped?

Answer 35

Nucleosome

Question 36

Nucleosomes are further condensed into ____ where a 30-nm-wide fiber forms in which nucleosomes are wound in a ____ fashion, with six nucleosomes forming a repeating unit

Answer 36

Chromatin; Solenoid

Question 37

Chromatin fibers are organized further into loops and arranged into bands to provide the superstructure of ____?

Answer 37

chromosomes

Question 38

Identify the level of structure Order or sequence of bases in the polynucleotide sequence which specifies the genetic code

Answer 38

primary structure

Question 39

Identify the level of structure ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands

Answer 39

Secondary structure

Question 40

Identify the level of structure 3-D arrangement of all atoms of a nucleic acid; referred to as supercoiling

Answer 40

Tertiary structure

Question 41

Identify the type of nucleic acid base Compounds that contain a six-membered ring which are parents of C, T, U

Answer 41

Pyrimidine bases

Question 42

Identify the type of nucleic acid base Compounds that contain a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring which are parent compounds of A & G

Answer 42

Purine bases

Question 43

True or False Nucleotide residues of nucleic acids are numbered from the 5′ end to the 3′ end

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis

Answer 44

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 45

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis

Answer 45

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 46

Directs amino acid sequence of proteins

Answer 46

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 47

Processes initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes

Answer 47

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Question 48

Affects gene expression; important in growth and development

Answer 48

Micro RNA (miRNA)

Question 49

Affects gene expression; used by scientists to knock out a gene being studied

Answer 49

Small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Question 50

Sequence of bases along the pentose-phosphodiester backbone of a DNA molecule

Answer 50

Primary Structure

Question 51

Ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands

Answer 51

Secondary Strducture

Question 52

Three-dimensional arrangement of all atoms of a nulceic acid. Refeerred to as supercoiling

Answer 52

Tertiary Structure

Question 53

Two polynucleotide chains erapped around each other. Fundamental tructural motif of DNA

Answer 53

DNA Double Helix