Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is a polymer

Answer 1

Long molecule consorting of monomers

Question 2

List polymers

Answer 2

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 3

How are monomers made from polymers

Answer 3

Polymers ate dissembled to monomers by hydrolysis

Question 4

How are polymers made from monomers

Answer 4

Dehydration reaction
2 monomers bind tighter through the loss of a water molecule

Question 5

Monosaccharides

Answer 5

the simplest carbohydrates, small, monomeric molecules

Question 6

Oligosaccharide

Answer 6

only a few monomer units are involved

Question 7

Polysaccharide

Answer 7

long polymers of monosaccharides

Question 8

What is maltose made of

Answer 8

Glucose ans glucose

Question 9

Formula of monosaccharides

Answer 9

(CH2O)n

Question 10

How are monosaccharides categorised

Answer 10

-location of the carbonyl group
-number of carbons in the skeleton

Question 11

Trioses

Answer 11

Aldehyde such as glyceraldehyde
Ketone such as dihydorxyacetone

Question 12

Aldose-ketone interconversion

Answer 12

Addition of water to form an endiol
Addition of another water molecule

Question 13

Examples of pentoses

Answer 13

Aldose such as ribose
Ketose such as ribulose

Question 14

Examples of hexoses

Answer 14

Aldoses such as glucose or galactose
Ketose such as fructose

Question 15

Enantiomers of glyceraldehyde

Answer 15

-D-glyceraldehyde which has an oh on the right and L glyceraldehyde that has the oh on the left
-they are mirror images hence called enantiomers
-middle carbon is a chiral carbon

Question 16

Enantiomers of glucose

Answer 16

D glucose (oh on the right)
L glucose(oh on the left)

Question 17

Structure of alpha glucose

Answer 17

Draw it

Question 18

Differences between alpha and beta glucose

Answer 18

In alpha the oh on carbon one is at the bottom

Question 19

Examples of phosphate esters of monosaccharides

Answer 19

B-d-glucose-1-phosphate
D-glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate
B-d-glucose-6-phosphate
A-d-fructose-6-phosphate

Question 20

Abbreviations of glucose

Answer 20

Glc

Question 21

Abbreviation of glucosamine

Answer 21

GlcN

Question 22

Abbreviation of N-acetylglucosamine

Answer 22

GlcNAc

Question 23

Abbreviations of galactose

Answer 23

Gal

Question 24

Abbreviation of Galactosamine

Answer 24

GalN

Question 25

Abbreviation of N-acetylgalactosamine

Answer 25

GalNAc

Question 26

Abbreviation of gluconic acid

Answer 26

GlcA

Question 27

Abbreviation of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid)

Answer 27

NeuNAc

Question 28

Role of trioses

Answer 28

The 3-phosphate is an intermediate in glycolysis The 1-phosphate is an intermediate in glycolysis

Question 29

Role of pentoses

Answer 29

Constituent of ribonucleic acid (RNA) Constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 30

Role of hexoses

Answer 30

A major energy source for animal metabolism; structural role in cellulose As part of lactose (milk); structural polysaccharides A major plant sugar; part of sucrose; intermediate in glycolysis

Question 31

How is maltose formed

Answer 31

Removal of water between two molecules of alpha glucose and the formation of glycosidic bond

Question 32

How is sucrose formed

Answer 32

Removal of water between glucose and fructose forming a glycosidic bond

Question 33

Examples of Polysaccharides

Answer 33

Starch Glycogen

Question 34

Starch

Answer 34

astoragepolysaccharideofplants,consists entirely of glucose monomers

Question 35

Glycogen

Answer 35

a storage polysaccharide in animals

Question 36

What monomer is found in cellulose

Answer 36

Beta glucose

Question 37

Bonds in amylose

Answer 37

1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 38

Bonds in cellulose

Answer 38

1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 39

Structure of starch

Answer 39

-found in plastids -amyloses is unbranched -amylopectin is branched

Question 40

Structure of glycogen

Answer 40

-extensively branched

Question 41

Role of Amylase

Answer 41

-Amylase is an enzyme that breakdown starch (amylose and amylopectin) into disaccharides and trisaccharides. -Amylases act on α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

Question 42

Structure of cellulose

Answer 42

-beta glucose monomers -microfibrils which provide strength in lathe number -many weak hydrogen bonds which provide strength and rigidity

Question 43

What is chitin

Answer 43

-found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and is used in medicine for surgical thread as it decomposes

Question 44

Hyaluronic acid

Answer 44

It is a structural component in cartilage and is present synovial fluid of joints and in the vitreous humour of the eye.

Question 45

What can polysaccharides play a vital role in

Answer 45

Cell recognition as they act as cell markers

Question 46

Function of carbohydrates

Answer 46

▪ Energy storage and generation (starch, glycogen) ▪ Biological structural materials (cellulose, chitin, etc) ▪ Polysaccharide on cell surface or attached to proteins aid in molecular recognition

Question 47

Gram staining test

Answer 47

Gram-positive organisms have a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall compared with gram- negative bacteria. It is a 20 to 80 nm thick polymer while the peptidoglycan layer of the gram-negative cell wall is 2 to 3 nm thick and covered with an outer lipid bilayer membrane.

Question 48

Function of polysaccharides

Answer 48

-strengthens plant cell walls -stores glucose for energy -strengthens exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

Question 49

What is found in bovine cartilage

Answer 49

Proteoglycan

Question 50

Role of heparin

Answer 50

Anti cougalant