Carbohydrates Flashcards
(62 cards)
1
Q
- primary energy source stored primarily as glycogen
- hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
A
Carbohydrates
2
Q
- cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form
- Fructose, glucose, galactose
A
- monosaccharides
3
Q
- interaction of 2 monosaccharides
- maltose, lactose, sucrose
A
Disaccharides
4
Q
linkage of many monosaccharide units
- starch and glycogen
A
polysaccharides
5
Q
glucose + glucose
A
maltose
6
Q
glucose + galactose
A
lactose
7
Q
glucose + fructose
A
sucrose
8
Q
metabolism of glucose to lactate or pyruvate for production of energy
A
glycolysis
9
Q
formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate source
A
gluconeogenesis
10
Q
breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
A
glycogenolysis
11
Q
conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
A
glycogenesis
12
Q
conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
A
lipogenesis
13
Q
decomposition of fat
A
lipolysis
14
Q
- primary hormone responsible for decreasing glucose
- beta cells
A
Insulin
15
Q
- primary hormone responsible increasing blood glucose
- alpha cells
A
Glucagon
16
Q
- produced by adrenal medulla
- released during times of physical and emotional stress
A
epinephrine
17
Q
produced by the adrenal cortex
A
cortisol (glucocorticoids)
18
Q
produced by the anterior pituitary gland
A
growth hormone
19
Q
produced by the thyroid gland
A
thyroxine
20
Q
delta cells in the pancreas and hypothalamus
A
somastostatin
21
Q
Metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin
action or both
A
diabetes mellitus
22
Q
- beta cell destruction
- absolute insulin deficiency
- absence of insulin with excess in glucagon
- occurs in childhood and adolescence
A
Type 1 diabetes (IDDM)
23
Q
- 90% OF ALL CASES OF DIABETES
- adult onset
- insulin deficiency
- glucagon secretion is attenuated
- non insulin dependent
-ketosis tendency is seldom
A
type 2 (IDDM)
24
Q
extreme thirst
A
polydipsia
25
extreme hunger
polyphagia
26
excessive urination
polyuria
27
-glycogen build up in the liver and kidney due to inhibition of hepatorenal glycogenolysis
- glycogen storage or glycogen deposition in the tissue
- Glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate concentration increase
Von Gierke Disease
28
glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency type 1
Von Gierke Disease
29
- glycogen storage in the muscle
- a 1,4 glucosidase acts on the 1.4 a linkages
- maltose in the liver is not hydrolyzed in this defect
- a 1.4 glycosidase can release glucose from maltose and other sources
pomp's disease
30
alpha 1,4 D-glucosidase deficiency
pomp's disease
31
- glycogen storage in the muscle
- phosphorylase deficiency in the skeletal muscle
- hepatic phosphorylase activity is normal due to increase in blood glucose after administration of glucagon and epinephrine
mc ardle syndrome
32
phosphorylasedeficiency
mc ardle syndrome
33
- abnormal glycogen storage in the liver with long inner and outer branching
- abnormal glycogen is also stored in the spleen and lymph glands
- precipitation of abnormal glycogen in the liver
amylopectinosis
34
deficiency of the branching enzyme
amylopectinosis
35
glycogen abnormal storage in the liver, heart, and muscle with an excess of short outer branches
- precipitation of abnormal glycogen in the liver
limit dextrinosis
36
deficiency of the branching enzyme, amylo-6-glucosidase
limit dextrinosis
37
- accumulation of galactose 1-phosphate in the red cells due to deficiency of galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase leading to depletion of ATP
- manifested as the patient grows older
galactosemia
38
galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency
galactosemia
39
-deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate in the red cell
- glucose 6-phosphate is used to main the normal red cell membrane stability
- in the red cells, oxidative metabolism of glucose is via hexose monophosphate pathway
drug-induced hemolytic anemia
40
glucose - 6- phosphate deficiency
drug-induced hemolytic
41
faulty ganglioside
tay sachs
42
missing hexosaminidase
tay sachs
43
l-xylose and arabinose are extracted
- enzyme in monophosphate shunt
pentosuria
44
- copper reduction method
- glucose + arsemolybdic acid = arsenomolybdenum blue
nelson somogyi
45
glucose + arsenomolybdic acid =?
arsenomolybdenum blue
46
- ferric reduction method (inversely colorimetry)
- Glucose + ferricyanide (yellow) = ferrocyanide (colorless)
Hagedorn Jensen
47
condensation of carbohydrates with aromatic amines producing Schiff bases (green)
Ortho-toluidine (dubowski)
48
- B-D-glucose + O2 - H2O - glucose oxidase - gluconic acid + H2O2
- Trinder's reaction
Glucose oxidase (Saifer Gernstenfield)
49
Glucose + ATP –hexokinase glucose 6-PO₄ + ADP
Hexokinase (reference method)
50
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose
Type 1 diabetes – 3 to 4 times/day
51
A solution (75g of glucose)
is administered and a
specimen is drawn 2 hrs.
later
2-Hour Postprandial
Tests
52
FBS is taken. Glucose load
is administered. Blood
glucose is determined in
30 min, 1ˢᵗ, 2ⁿᵈ and 3ʳᵈ hrs.
Oral Glucose Tolerance
Test
53
- Index for long term plasma glucose control (2-3 month period)
- based on charged differences between HbA1C and Non-HbA1C
HbA₁C Measurement
54
produced by the liver through metabolism of stored lipids
ketone
55
accumulation of ketones in blood
ketonemia
56
accumulation of ketones in urine
ketonuria
57
Acetoacetic acid + Ferric chloride
= Red color
Gerhardt’s Test
58
Acetoacetic acid + Ferric chloride
Red color
59
Acetoacetic acid + nitroprusside
–alkaline pH= Purple color
Nitroprusside
60
Acetoacetic acid + nitroprusside
–alkaline pH
Purple color
61
NADH + H⁺ + acetoacetic acid
–β-HBD= NAD + β-hydroxybutyric
acid
Enzymatic
62
Early stage diabetic renal nephropathy
Microalbuminuria
