Carbohydrates

Question 1

These are hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivates based on the location of the CO functional
group.

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

It is both an endocrine and exocrine organ in the control of carbohydrate metabolism.

Answer 2

Pancreas

Question 3

it secretes the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from different cells residing in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Answer 3

Endocrine gland

Question 4

it produces and secretes an amylase responsible for the breakdown of ingested complex
carbohydrates

Answer 4

Exocrine Gland

Question 5

• primary hormone responsible for entry of glucose into the cell
• beta cells
• released when the glucose levels are high
• stored from sources such as liver, fat, and muscle

Answer 5

insulin

Question 6

• primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose - hyperglycemic agent
• alpha cells
• released during stress and fasting states

Answer 6

glucagon

Question 7

• secreted by the cells of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
• decrease intestinal entry of glucose into the cell

Answer 7

Cortisol and corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids)

Question 8

These are released from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
- They inhibit insulin secretion and promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Answer 8

Catecholamines

Question 9

• secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
• decrease entry of glucose into the cell

Answer 9

Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) aka GH

Question 10

promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and intestinal absorption of glucose

Answer 10

Thyroid hormones

Question 11

stimulates release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Answer 11

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 12

produced by the delta cells of the islets of langerhans and inhibits the action of insulin

Answer 12

Somatostatin

Question 13

increase in blood glucose concentration
- toxic to beta cell function and impairs insulin secretion

Answer 13

Hyperglycemia

Question 14

an imbalance between glucose utilization and production
- decreased glucose levels and can have many causes

Answer 14

hypoglycemia

Question 15

a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors or both

Answer 15

diabetes mellitus

Question 16

• described as the Type 1a or 1.5 DM
  -also referred to as the slow immune-mediated DM or the slowly progressive insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes mellitus (SPIDD)

Answer 16

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood (LADA)

Question 17

• idiopathic type 1 DM or type 1b.
• strongly inherited and associated with the absence of B-cell autoantibodies.

Answer 17

Fulminant Type Diabetes (FT1D)

Question 18

• due to impaired ability to metabolize carbohydrates usually caused by a deficiency of insulin, metabolic or hormonal changes
• occurs during pregnancy and disappears after delivery but, in some cases, returns years later.
• type of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy (diabetic women who
  become pregnant are not included in this category)
• through 2- hour OGTT: One-Step Method (with 75 grams
  glucose load, commonly used)
  Two-Step Method (50 grams initially; 100g glucose load as follow-up)

Answer 18

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Question 19

a condition that
happens when the body
has too much cortisol, a
hormone made by the
adrenal glands

Answer 19

Cushing’s disease

Question 20

excess hair growth

Answer 20

hirsutism

Question 21

• rare type of tumor that forms in
  the adrenal glands, which are located on top of your kidneys
• produce too much of adrenaline and noradrenaline

Answer 21

Pheocytochroma

Question 22

a condition that occurs
when the body produces too
much growth hormone

Answer 22

acromegaly

Question 23

• a condition where the thyroid
  gland makes too much thyroid
  hormone

Answer 23

hyperthyroidism

Question 24

• a condition where the thyroid
  gland doesn’t make enough
  thyroid hormone

Answer 24

hypothyroidism

Question 25

An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid, causing it to produce less hormone

Answer 25

Hashimoto's disease

Question 26

- a genetic condition that occurs when a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Answer 26

down syndrome

Question 27

- a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other conditions related to blood sugar regulation - lower testosterone in men

Answer 27

Klinefelter Syndrome

Question 28

- a rare genetic disorder that affects how the body responds to insulin, the hormone that controls blood sugar levels. - body cells are severely resistant to insulin

Answer 28

Rabson-Mendenhall

Question 29

a rare genetic disorder that affects how the body processes insulin, leading to severe insulin resistance

Answer 29

Leprechaunism or Donohue syndrome

Question 30

- a progressive genetic disorder that affects the brain, leading to a decline in physical and mental abilities - characterized by uncontrolled movements (chorea), emotional disturbances, and cognitive decline

Answer 30

Huntington's Chorea

Question 31

- a genetic condition that affects females. - It occurs when one of the X chromosomes is missing or partially missing, leading to a variety of physical and developmental features

Answer 31

Turner's Syndrome

Question 32

- a genetic disorder that primarily affects the lungs and digestive system - occurs when a mutation in the CFTR gene leads to the production of thick and sticky mucus in the body

Answer 32

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 33

- a common virus that belongs to the herpesvirus family. It is often harmless for most people, but it can cause serious health problems in certain groups, such as newborns, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems

Answer 33

Cytomegalovirus or kissing disease

Question 34

a contagious viral infection that is generally mild in children but can cause serious complications if contracted during pregnancy

Answer 34

Rubella or German measles

Question 35

- known as Type 3C DM - develops as an outcome of a pancreatic disease such as pancreatitis or carcinoma - insulin deficiency and loss of pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 35

Pancreatogenic Diabetes Mellitus (PDM)

Question 36

- form of monogenic diabetes - damaged to the pancreatic beta cells

Answer 36

maturity on-set diabetes of the youth (MODY)

Question 37

- infantile diabetes or congenital diabetes - form of monogenic diabetes that occurs in infants less than 6 months of age

Answer 37

neonatal diabetes mellitus