Carbohydrates Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
A polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds that produce such substances upon hydrolysis
A
Carbohydrates
2
Q
Carbohydrates is the ____ source of energy
A
Major
3
Q
Carbohydrates is a _____ in the form of ______, provides a _____ term energy reserve
A
Storage, glycogen, short
4
Q
Carbohydrates supply ______ for synthesis of other biochemical substances
A
Carbon atoms
5
Q
What are the different kinds of biochemical substances
A
Protein
Lipid
Nucleic acid
6
Q
Carbohydrates form part of the structural framework of ___ and ___ molecules
A
DNA, RNA
7
Q
Carbohydrates links to lipids are _____ components of _____
A
Structural, cell membrane
8
Q
Carbohydrates links to proteins function in a variety of ____ and _____ recognition processes
A
Cell-cell, cell-molecule
9
Q
What are the different classification of sugars
A
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
10
Q
A sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed further into simpler forms
A
Monosaccharides
11
Q
A type of sugar that yield 2 molecules of the same or different monosaccharide units on hydrolysis
A
Disaccharides
12
Q
A type of sugar that yield 3-10 molecules of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis
A
Oligosaccharide
13
Q
A type of sugar that yield more than 10 molecules of the same or different monosaccharide units on hydrolysis
A
Polysaccharides
14
Q
What are the different types of polysaccharide
A
Homopolysaccharides
Heteropolysaccharides
15
Q
Formula of carbohydrates
A
CnH2nOn or Cn(H2O)n
16
Q
A letter that present the number of atoms in the formula of carbohydrates
A
n
17
Q
A monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group
A
Aldose
18
Q
A monosaccharide containing a ketone group
A
Ketose
19
Q
Monosaccharides are classified according to the number of ______ they contain
A
Carbon atom
20
Q
What do you call a class of monosaccharide that contains 3 carbons
A
Triose
21
Q
What do you call a class of monosaccharide that has 4 carbon atoms
A
Tetrose
22
Q
What do you call a class of monosaccharide that has 5 carbon atoms
A
Pentose
23
Q
What is the indicated prefix when aldehyde is present
A
Aldo
24
Q
What is the indicated prefix when ketone is present
A
Keto
25
It is the simplest carbohydrate monosaccharides
Trioses
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A compound having same structural formula but differ in spatial configuration
Stereoisomers
27
It is attached to four different atoms or groups
Asymmetric carbon atom
28
The possible isomers (2n) of a given compound is determined by the number of asymmetric carbon atoms
Van hoff's rule
29
Penultimate C atom, around which mirror images are formed
Reference C atom
30
What are the two types of stereoisomers
Enantiomers
Diastereomers
31
Are stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other. Molecules with chiral center
Enantiomers
32
Are stereoisomers was molecules are not mirror images of each other
Diastereomers
33
Is the simplest carbohydrates exist in two isomeric forms that are mirror images of each other
Glyceraldehyde
34
Glyceraldehyde is a _____ molecule, it cannot be super imposed on its mirror image
Chiral
35
Bonds are written in a two dimensional representation showing the configuration of tetrahedral stereo centers
Fischer projection
36
What do you call the horizontal lines present in a bonds projecting forward
Wedge
37
What do you call the vertical lines presents bonds projecting to the rear
Dash
38
The carbon atom at the intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines is ____ shown
Not
39
What are the two forms of monosaccharides
Left handed and right handed form
40
A monosaccharide that when written as fischer projection, has the -OH on its penultimate carbon on the right
D- monosaccharide
41
A monosaccharide that when written as fischer projection, has the -OH and its penultimate carbon on the left
L-monosaccharide
42
What are the most common D-tetroses and D-pentoses
D-erythrose, D-threose, D-ribose, D-deoxy-D-ribose
43
The three common D-hexosis
D-glucose
D-galactose
D-fructose
44
Cholesterol has ____ possible stereoisomers, but nature makes ____ only
2⁸=256, one (1)
45
Have the same relationship to each other that your left and right hands have when reflected in a mirror
Chiral carbon
46
Objects can be superimposed on the mirror images
Achiral
47
Any carbon atom which is connected to four _____ groups will be chiral.
Different
48
Carbohydrates contains ____ chiral carbon
More than one
49
If the sugar solution turns the plane of polarized light to right
Dextrorotatory (+)
50
If the sugar solution turns the plane of polarized light to left
Levorotatory (-)
51
Equimolar mixtures of optical isomer has no net rotation
Racemic mixture
52
Differ in the order of attachment of atoms
Constitutional isomers
53
Differ at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms
Epimers
54
Isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom form on ring closure
Anomers
55
5 and 6 membered hemi acetals are represented as plainer pentagons or hexagons as the case may be viewed through the edge
Haworth projections
56
What is most written with the anomeric carbon on the _____and the help me acetal oxygen to the ______
Right, back right
57
A six membered hemi acetal ring is shown by the infix
Pyran (pyranose)
58
A five membered hemi-acital ring is shown by the infex
Furan (Furanose)
59
Cyclization of sugars takes place due to the interaction between functional groups on distant carbons, C1 to C5, to make a cyclic
Hemiacetal
60
Cyclization using C2 to C5 results in ____ formation
hemiketal
61
Carbonyl carbon is new chiral center and becomes an
Anomeric carbon
62
_____ and _____reacts with alcohols to form hemiacetals
Aldehyde and ketones
63
The new stereocenter resulting from cyclic hemiacetal formation
Anomeric carbon
64
Carbohydrates that differ in configuration only at their anomeric carbons
Anomers
65
Cyclic hemiacital and hemicketal exhibits
Mutarotation
66
For pyronoses, the six member drink is more accurately represented as a _____
Chair conformation
67
_____is the most stable conformation
Chair
68
Hydrogens are ____ and larger substituents are ______- less opportunity for steric interactions
Axial, equatorial
69
Reactions of monosaccharides
1. Tautomerization or enolization
2. Reducing properties
3. Oxidation
4. Reduction
5. Dehydration
6. Formation of esters
7. Glycoside formation
70
2-OH groups are attached to double bonded carbon
Enediol formation
71
In mid alkaline solution carbohydrates containing free sugar group tautomerises to form
Enediols
72
One that reduces an oxidizing agent, sugars that can be oxidized are called
Reducing sugars
73
If a numeric carbons and involved in glycosidic linkage there will be a _____ tollens reagents test
Negative
74
If another anomeric carbon is not bonded and is free there will be a ______ tollens reagent test
Positive
75
Monosaccharides can be reduced turning the ________ group into an _______ group
Carbonyl, alcohol
76
The result product of reduce monosaccharides where carbonyl group is turned into alcohol group
Sugar alcohol
77
What is replace by the name -ose
-Itol
78
_____ donates the phosphate moiety
Atp
79
What is formed when the hydroxyl group of a carbohydrate can joined with a hydroxyl group of another carbohydrate or some other compound
Glycoside are also known as glycosidic bond
80
Glycosidic bond can be ___ linked or ___linked
N, O
81
Is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via glycosidic bond
Glycoside
82
Are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group at c2 usually of monosaccharide by amino group
Amino sugars
83
What are the most common amino sugar
Glucosamine and galactosamine
84
Is present in heparin hyaluronic acid and blood group substance
Glucosamine
85
Is present in chondroitin of cartilages and tendons
Galactosamine
86
Disaccharide is the monosaccharide combined together by
Glycosidic linkage
87
2 a-D-glucose unit held together by a(1-4) glycosidic bond
Maltose
88
B-D-galactose & B-D-glucose units held together by B(1-4) glycosidic bond
Lactose
89
Two B-D units helds together by B(1-4) glycosidic bond
Cellobiose
90
What are the reducing disaccharides
Maltose
Lactose
Cellobiose
91
What are the non reducing disaccharides
Sucrose
Trehalose
92
a-D-glucose &B-D-fructose units held together by (a1-B2) glycosidic bond an invert sugar when hydrolyzed
Sucrose
93
Two a-D glucose units held together by (a1-a1) glycosidic bond
Trehalose
94
Repeat units i monosaccharides order derivatives held together with glycosidic bond
Polysaccharide
95
What are the two main function of polysaccharide
Energy storage
Structure
96
Consists of amylose which is water soluble and amylopectin which is water insoluble
Starch
97
What is the primer protein of glycogen
Glycogenine
98
_____Chief carbohydrates and plants and made up of repeating units of ____ it cannot be digested by humans
Cellulose, cellobiose
99
Act as marker for glomerular filtration since it is not synthesized metabolized but filtered completely by glomerulus
Inulin
100
Abundantly found in crustaceans for example lobster crab shrimps and insects
Chitin
101
Chitin are composed of ____ units
N-acetyl glucosamine
102
Also known as glycosaminoglycans
Muco polysaccharide
103
Are highly polar and attract water they are therefore useful to the body as a lubricant or a shock observer
Glycosaminolaglycans
104
What is formed when the hydroxyl group of a numeric carbon of carbohydrates can join with hydroxyl group of another carbohydrate or some other compounds
Glycoside are also known as glycosidic bond
105
Present in connective tissues tendon synovial fluid and virteous humor
Hyaluronic acid
106
Anticoagulant bind and active anti-thrombin which intern active strombin factor x and factor ix
Heparin
107
Present in ground substances of connective tissues of cartilages bones and tendons
Chondroitin sulfate
108
The only gag without an uronic acid unit found in cornea
Keratan sulfate
109
Found in skin blood vessels and heart vessels
Dermatan sulfate
110
A component of the antigens presents on blood cells that determine blood type within ABO blood group system
Galactose
111
O and A antigens are monomers of galactose
112
B antigens there are three monomers of galactose
