carbohydrates

Question 1

What are the most abundant class of bioorganic molecules on Earth?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

What is a vital energy source for the cell and provides structural support?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates

Question 3

What is the stoichiometric formula for carbohydrates?

Answer 3

(CH2O)n

Question 4

What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?

Answer 4

1:2:1

Question 5

How are carbohydrates classified?

Answer 5

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.

Question 6

What are carbohydrates also called?

Answer 6

Saccharides

Question 7

What are the uses of carbohydrates?

Answer 7

• Yield energy (ATP) to drive metabolic processes
• Energy-storage molecules
• Structural
• Carbohydrate derivatives found in coenzymes (FAD) and nucleic acids

Question 8

What are examples of energy-storage molecules?

Answer 8

Glycogen, starch

Question 9

How can carbohydrates be classified?

Answer 9

By the number of monomers they contain

Question 10

What are the classifications of carbohydrates?

Answer 10

Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoconjugates.

Question 11

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 11

(CH2O)n where n = 3-6; one sugar molecule

Question 12

What are oligosaccharides?

Answer 12

Polymers from 2-20

Question 13

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 13

Polymers of greater than 20 sugar residues

Question 14

What are glycoconjugates?

Answer 14

Derivatives; attached to proteins, lipids, peptide chains

Question 15

What are monosaccharides also known as?

Answer 15

Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones

Question 16

How are monosaccharides classified?

Answer 16

Based upon the type of carbonyl group

Question 17

What is an aldose?

Answer 17

Sugar with aldehyde group

Question 18

What is a ketose?

Answer 18

Sugar with ketone group

Question 19

What process do both aldoses and ketoses engage in?

Answer 19

Intramolecular cyclization

Question 20

What is formed when alcohol reacts with aldehyde?

Answer 20

Hemiacetal

Question 21

What is formed when alcohol reacts with ketone?

Answer 21

Hemiketal

Question 22

What can both 5 and 6 carbon monosaccharides form?

Answer 22

Hemiacetals

Question 23

What are 5 membered hemiacetals called?

Answer 23

Furanose

Question 24

What are 6 membered hemiacetals called?

Answer 24

Pyranose

Question 25

What are monosaccharides (aldoses) with 3 carbons called?

Answer 25

Aldotriose

Question 26

What are monosaccharides (aldoses) with 4 carbons called?

Answer 26

Aldotetroses

Question 27

What are monosaccharides (aldoses) with 5 carbons called?

Answer 27

Aldopentoses

Question 28

What are monosaccharides (aldoses) with 6 carbons called?

Answer 28

Aldohexoses

Question 29

What is the most oxidized carbon in a monosaccharide called?

Answer 29

Anomeric carbon

Question 30

C-1; attached to 2 oxygen atoms

Answer 30

anomeric carbon

Question 31

What configurations can the anomeric carbon adopt?

Answer 31

a - OH group down; b - OH group up

Question 32

Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond called a glycosidic linkage via a condensation reaction

Answer 32

disaccharides

Question 33

a disaccharide is two monosaccharides joined by a ??? bond called a ??? linkage via a ???reaction

Answer 33

covalent; glycosidic; condensation

Question 34

What is the bond created between in disaccharides?

Answer 34

C1 of one sugar and -OH of another

Question 35

What is maltose also known as?

Answer 35

α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,4)-β-D-glucopyranose

Question 36

What is the plant polysaccharide?

Answer 36

Cellobiose

Question 37

What is lactose composed of?

Answer 37

Galactose and glucose in β-glycosidic bond

Question 38

What is formed when 2 glucose molecules are joined by α-glycosidic bond?

Answer 38

Maltose

Question 39

What is formed when 2 glucose units are joined by β-glycosidic bond?

Answer 39

Cellobiose

Question 40

What is the major carbohydrate in milk?

Answer 40

Lactose

Question 41

What is sucrose composed of?

Answer 41

Glucose and fructose in 1-2 linkage

Question 42

What is table sugar?

Answer 42

Sucrose

Question 43

What bonds are between two sugars?

Answer 43

Glycosidic

Question 44

What configurations can glycosidic bonds have?

Answer 44

a or b

Question 45

glycosidic bonds can be linked through what linkages?

Answer 45

1-2 1-4 1-6

Question 46

aldehyde group

Answer 46

CHO

Question 47

What types of polysaccharides are composed of one monosaccharide?

Answer 47

Homoglycans

Question 48

What types of polysaccharides are made of more than one type of monosaccharide?

Answer 48

Heteroglycans

Question 49

What are examples of energy storage roles of polysaccharides?

Answer 49

- Starch (a-amylose and amylopectin) - Glycogen

Question 50

What are examples of structural roles of polysaccharides?

Answer 50

- Cellulose - Chitin

Question 51

What are the biological roles of polysaccharides?

Answer 51

- Energy storage - Structural - Glycosaminoglycans - Proteoglycans

Question 52

What is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin?

Answer 52

Starch

Question 53

Unbranched polymer of 100-1000 D-glucose in α 1-4 glycosidic bond

Answer 53

amylose

Question 54

Branched polymer of α 1-4 and α 1-6 glycosidic bond

Answer 54

amylopectin

Question 55

What is α-amylase?

Answer 55

An endoglycosidase found in human saliva but also in plants that randomly hydrolyzes the α 1-4 bond of amylose and amylopectin