Carbohydrates

Question 0

What is the simplest ketose?

Answer 0

Dihydroxyacetone

Question 1

What is the simplest aldose?

Answer 1

Glyceraldehyde

Question 2

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Monosaccharides

Question 3

How many functional groups are found in Carbohydrates? Enumerate.

Answer 3

2 functional groups, either alcohol (polyhydroxy) and aldehyde or alcohol and ketone.

Question 4

What type of bond joins monosaccharides together?

Answer 4

Glycosidic bond

Question 5

Differentiate the structure of an aldehyde and a ketone.

Answer 5

Aldehyde is RCHO. Ketone is RCOR.

Question 6

How are open chain monosaccharides best described?

Answer 6

Fischer Projection

Question 7

The term ‘sugar’ is used for what specifically?

Answer 7

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

Question 8

Describe the structure of D-glucose with your hand.

Answer 8

lill

Question 9

What are the symbols for dextrorotatory and levorotatory?

Answer 9

Dextrorotatory - d, (+)

Levorotatory - l, (-)

Question 10

What are epimers?

Answer 10

Epimers are structures that differ only in configuration at 1 C atom.

Question 11

D-glucose and D-mannose are epimers at what Carbon atom?

Answer 11

C2

Question 12

D-glucose and D-galactose are epimers at what Carbon atom?

Answer 12

C4

Question 13

What monosaccharides are functional isomers?

Answer 13

D-glucose and D-fructose are aldose-ketose pair.

Question 14

What type of glucose occurs in nature? D-(+)-glucose or D-(-)-glucose?

Answer 14

D-(-)-glucose

Question 15

In what form, do monosaccharides exist as open chains?

Answer 15

Crystalline form

Question 16

Glucose in water, will react with itself, resulting in what formation?

Answer 16

Hemiacetal formation (the reaction of an alcohol with an aldehyde). The OH at C5 will react with C1.

Question 17

How are cyclic structures of monosaccharides represented?

Answer 17

Haworth Projection

Question 18

What is the cyclic structure name for aldohexoses?

Answer 18

Pyranose ring (6C)

Question 19

A furanose ring is used for what type of monosaccharides?

Answer 19

Aldopentoses and Ketohexoses

Question 20

Give an example of a aldopentose.

Answer 20

Ribose

Question 21

Give an example of a ketohexose.

Answer 21

Fructose

Question 22

What type of isomer is seen in Fischer Projection?

Answer 22

Epimers

Question 23

What type of isomer is seen in Haworth Projection?

Answer 23

Anomers

Question 24

What are anomers?

Answer 24

Anomers are isomers that differ only in configuration at C1.

Question 25

Differentiate α-anomer and β-anomer.

Answer 25

``` α-anomer = OH - down β-anomer = OH - up ```

Question 26

The mixture of an aldehyde and a ketone forms what type of sugars? Reducing or Non-reducing?

Answer 26

Reducing sugars

Question 27

The only non-reducing sugar.

Answer 27

Sucrose

Question 28

Monosaccharides of sucrose

Answer 28

Glucose and Fructose

Question 29

Monosaccharides of lactose

Answer 29

Glucose and Galactose

Question 30

Monosaccharides of maltose. Compare with cellubiose.

Answer 30

Maltose = 2 Glucose linked by α 1-4 ; Cellubiose = 2 Glucose linked by β 1-4

Question 31

Monosaccharides of cellubiose. Compare with maltose.

Answer 31

Cellubiose = 2 Glucose linked by β 1-4 ; Maltose = 2 Glucose linked by α 1-4

Question 32

Differentiate oligosaccharide and polysaccharide.

Answer 32

Oligosaccharide < 20 monosaccharides ; Polysaccharides > 20.

Question 33

Maltotriose is composed of what?

Answer 33

3 Glucose

Question 34

Give an example of an oligosaccharide.

Answer 34

Dextrin

Question 35

What is a homopolysaccharide?

Answer 35

A polysaccharide composed only of 1 type of monosaccharide.

Question 36

What is a glucan?

Answer 36

Glucans are polymers of glucose.

Question 37

What are the subunits of starch?

Answer 37

Amylose and Amylopectin

Question 38

Differentiate amylose and amylopectin. Describe their structure and solubility.

Answer 38

Amylose is linear, α 1-4, water insoluble | Amylopectin is α 1-4, α 1-6 (branching every 25-30 glucose units), water soluble

Question 39

What is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals and humans?

Answer 39

Glycogen

Question 40

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose and Dextran are homopolysaccharides composed of what?

Answer 40

Glucose

Question 41

Describe the glycosidic bonds of glycogen.

Answer 41

Branched : α 1-4, α 1-6 every 8-12 glucose units

Question 42

Describe glycosidic bonds of cellulose.

Answer 42

Linear : β 1-4

Question 43

What anomer of amylase exist in humans?

Answer 43

α-amylase

Question 44

Chitin is composed of repeating units of what?

Answer 44

N-acetylglucosamine. Chitin serves as the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.

Question 45

Describe glycosidic bonds of dextran.

Answer 45

Branched Linear at α 1-6 Branched at α 1-3

Question 46

What are heteropolysaccharides?

Answer 46

Polysaccharides composing of more than one type of monosaccharide.

Question 47

Building blocks of Heteropolysaccharides

Answer 47

Disaccharides

Question 48

Hyaluronic acid, Chodroitin SO4, Dermatan SO4, Keratan SO4, Agarose, Heparan and the Glycan in Peptidoglycan are examples of what?

Answer 48

Heteropolysaccharides

Question 49

Where is hyaluronic acid found?

Answer 49

Vitreous humor, Synovial fluids (as lubricant)

Question 50

Where is chondroitin SO4 found?

Answer 50

"Chondros" means cartilage. They are found in cartilages, synovial fluids and ligaments.

Question 51

Where is dermatan SO4 found?

Answer 51

Skin

Question 52

What is the best source of agarose?

Answer 52

Seaweeds

Question 53

What is the use of heparan SO4?

Answer 53

Anticoagulant

Question 54

Where is peptidoglycan found?

Answer 54

Cell wall of g (+) bacteria

Question 55

The glycan in peptidoglycan is composed of what monosaccharides?

Answer 55

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid