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Biology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are all biological molecules built from?

A

Monomers

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2
Q

When two sun-units join together what is formed?

A

A dimer

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3
Q

When many sub-units join together what is formed?

A

A polysaccharide

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4
Q

Monosaccharides are the monomers of what?

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

Monosaccharides are single what units?

A

Single sugar units with the general formula (CH2O)n

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6
Q

What can these single sugar units be called?

A

Hexose sugars (because 6 is the most common number of carbon atoms)

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7
Q

What are the three important monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, galactose and fructose

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8
Q

Are monosaccharides soluble or insoluble? Why?

A

Soluble because they can form hydrogen bonds with water as they contain OH and H atoms

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9
Q

What is the main sugar used by all cells in respiration?

A

Glucose

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10
Q

Which polymers are made of glucose?

A

Starch and glycogen

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11
Q

What happens when starch or glycogen is digested?

A

Glucose is produced which can be easily absorbed and transported in the bloodstream to cells

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12
Q

What is galactose mainly in our diet as?

A

Part of the disaccharide sugar lactose

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13
Q

Which -OH groups are on the opposite side to glucose?

A

The -OH groups on carbon one and four

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14
Q

Where does fructose occur naturally?

A

In fruit, honey and some vegetables

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15
Q

What do monosaccharides provide? Why?

A

A rapid source of energy because they are readily absorbed and require little/no change before being used in cellular respiration

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16
Q

What reactions form disaccharides?

A

Condensation reactions

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17
Q

What molecule is released as two sugar molecules combine in a condensation reaction?

A

A water molecule

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18
Q

What bond is formed in the formation of a disaccharide?

A

A glycosidic bond

19
Q

What are the three important disaccharides?

A

Maltose, sucrose and lactose

20
Q

How are disaccharides split?

A

By hydrolysis reactions (where water is added to the glycosidic bond)

21
Q

What two monosaccharides join to make maltose?

A

Glucose and glucose

22
Q

When is maltose produced?

A

When amylase breaks down starch

23
Q

What two monosaccharides join to make sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

24
Q

What is the usual form in which sugar is transported around a plant?

A

Sucrose

25
Q

What two monosaccharides join to make lactose?

A

Galactose and glucose

26
Q

Which sugar is found in milk?

A

Lactose

27
Q

What are polysaccharides composed of?

A

Single sugar monomers (monosaccharides)

28
Q

What bond holds together polysaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bonds

29
Q

Are polysaccharides short or long chained structures?

A

Long chained structures

30
Q

Are polysaccharides soluble in water and sweet?

A

No, they are not very soluble in water and have a bitter taste

31
Q

What are the three main polysaccharides found in food?

A

Glycogen, cellulose and starch

32
Q

Who stores glycogen?

A

Animals

33
Q

Where is glycogen stored in humans?

A

In the liver and muscles

34
Q

Why can glycogen be rapidly hydrolysed?

A

Because it has numerous side branches, giving easy access to stored energy

35
Q

What contains cellulose and stores starch?

A

Plants

36
Q

What is Cellulose also known as?

A

Dietary fibre

37
Q

What is celluloses basic structure?

A

A straight chain

38
Q

What two polymers is starch formed of?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

39
Q

Which polymer has a straight chain of between 200-5000 molecules and contains 1,4 glycosidic bonds

A

Amylose

40
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A

Amylopectin has side branches off its main chain, it also has 1,6 glycosidic bonds

41
Q

What does the position of the 1,4 glycosidic bonds cause?

A

The amylose chain to coil

42
Q

What do both glycogen and starch act as?

A

Storage molecules within cells

43
Q

Why are glycogen and starch suitable storage molecules?

A

Because the polysaccharide chains are compact with low solubility in water. This means they don’t affect the concentration of water in they cytoplasm and so don’t affect movement of water by osmosis

Biology (13 decks)

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