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Carbohydrates Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What is the principal role of carbs?

A

to provide energy

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2
Q

What are carbs made of?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen groups

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3
Q

True or False:the nature of covalent bonds linking monoscchriades into polysaccharides is much more varied than that of peptide bonds

A

True

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4
Q

What is maltose

A

glucose glucose

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5
Q

What is sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

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6
Q

What is lactose

A

glucose and galactose

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7
Q

What is the proper formula for a carb besides CHO?

A

CH2O

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8
Q

How are aldehydes or ketones referred to when in a sugar?

A

Aldose or ketose

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9
Q

How is fructose use in the cell?

A

converted to usable glucose derivatives

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10
Q

How are monosacchirdes referred to when speaking about the amount of carbons?

A

3; Triose

4: Tetros
5: pentose
6: hexose
7: heptose

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11
Q

What is glyceraldehyde?

A

3c-carbon aldotriose molecule

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12
Q

Dihydroxyacetone

A

this is a ketotriose. the ketone is in the middle and there are three carbons

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13
Q

enantiomer

A

non-superimposable mirror images

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14
Q

How is the D or L CONFIGURATION determined?

A

it depends on what side the final OH group is on- look farthest away from carbonyl

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15
Q

What if the rotation value is 0?

A

the molecule is optically inactive and there is a racemic mixture occring and it is designated as +/-

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16
Q

True or false: Fischer projections show sticks coming out of the central molecule

A

False: The projections show if the bond is coming forward or backward.

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17
Q

What is the difference between d-glucose and d-galactose?

A

The placement of the -OH is different in the molecule. They are c-4 epimers

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18
Q

What is a epimer?

A

pair of carbohydrates that differ in configuration at only one asymmetric center

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19
Q

What is a hemiacetal?

A

a molecule that has a central carbon with one -OH group, one -OR group, one R group and a H.

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20
Q

What is a hemiketal?

A

a molecule with two r groups, one -OH group and one -OR group

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21
Q

True or False: glucose and fructose are in open chain structures

A

False: they are usually in cyclic structures

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22
Q

Which carbons react with each other to create intramolecular hemiacetal?

A

C-1 aldehyde and the C-5- OH group

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23
Q

What is the 6-member ring called ?

A

pyranose

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24
Q

Which is the anomeric carbon?

A

It is carbon 1 or the carbon next to the O that has a oh and H group on it.

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25
What is the cyclic form name of alpha d glucose?
d-glucopyranose
26
What carbons react in a hemiketal to form a ring?
C-2 keto group reacts with the C-5 OH group
27
What is the hemiketal referred to as?
fructofuranose
28
What are Haworth Projections?
provides a 2-d structure of the ring
29
What are the two classifications of cyclic ring structures?
Chair and boat
30
What produces a color change when testing sugars?
the reducing of the carbohydrate
31
Fehling's solution
monosaccharides in solution change from blue to red (both aldehyde and ketone essentially)
32
Benedict's Reagent
blue-copper containing solution gives a very distinct brick red (copper II oxide)
33
Tollen's Reagent
creation of a 'silver mirror' on the inside of a test tube
34
Which reagents produce a redox reaction because they are oxidizing reagents?
Fehlings, Benedicts, and Tollen's
35
What is formed when the aldehyde form of a carbohydrate joins with a amino group in a protein?
creation of an advanced glycation end product
36
Are all mono and disaccharides (With the exception of glucose) reducing sugars?
Yes
37
What can an aldehyde group be reduced to?
an alditol
38
Why is NADH needed in the body?
it is needed as a coenzyme for aldose reductase to change glucose to sorbitol
39
Where and how is excess glucose stored?
In muscle and liver and in the form of glycogen
40
True or false: sorbital is NOT a epimer of glucose
False, it is an epimer of glucose
41
What are the other names for fructose?
levulose or fruit sugar
42
What reaction can fructose undergo?
The Maillard reaction
43
What happens when fructose is malabsorbed?
the fructose builds up in the liver and can cause IBS
44
What is inulin?
the form in which some plants store fructose
45
How is galactose metabolized to glucose?
through the Leloir pathway
46
Glucose is converted to galactose in the body how?
by hexogenesis
47
What is galactosaemia
defects in galatose metabolism
48
What linkage does Maltose have?
alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage | Glucose- glucose
49
What linkages does lactose have?
beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage | glucose and galactose
50
What linkages does sucrose have?
alpha 1,2 glycosidic bonds between alpha d glucose and beta- d fructose. ( not on anomeric carbons)
51
Is sucrose a reducing sugar?
no
52
What are homopolysaccharides?
Sugars composed of a single type of sugar
53
What are Heteropolysaccharides?
sugars made of more than two types of sugar units.
54
What are the 5 features that define polysaccharides?
1. Monomeric units making it up 2. Sequence of sugar units 3. Types of glycosidic binds linking monomeric units 4. Approximate # of sugar units 5. Degree of structural branching
55
What are the two storage forms of polysaccharide?
amylose and amylopectin
56
What is amylose?
a linear, unbranched chain of alpha-d glucose with 1,4 bonds. It contains a reducing and non-reducing end
57
What kind of backbone does Amylopectin have?
a glucose backbone
58
Is glycogen a highly branched molecule?
yes, it alpha 1,6 linkages
59
What does glycogen have in common with amylopectin?
it has a single reducing end and numerous non-reducing ends
60
How is glycogen hydrolysed?
by alpha amylase
61
What is cellulose made up of
beta d- glucose
62
What specific molecule is in Chitin?
N-acetylglucosamine linked by beta 1-4 linkage

BMS 102 (7 decks)

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