Carbohydrates Flashcards
(22 cards)
what are carbohydrates?
sugars, glycogen,starch and cellulose
what is a disaccharide?
molecule formed from two monosaccharides jones by dehydration synthesis and broken down by hydrolysis
what are isomers?
have the same molecular formula but position of oxygen and carbon are different causing to have different chemical properties
what is a polysaccharide?
polysaccharide e.g:glycogen is made from glucose monomers, linked to branched chains they are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles as carbohydrates
what are monosaccharides?
Glucose,ribose and fructose
provide instant energy end in ‘ose’
contain aldehyde\ketone and hydroxyl group.
easily absorbed in the gut lining
Stereoisomers
same chemical formula, order and type of bond but are non overlapping mirror images therefore have different function and arrangement.
requires a chiral carbon centre
Chiral carbon
then there are 4 different groups attached to it.
D-isomers
OH on botton chiral centre points right
L-isomers
OH on botton chiral centre points left
Cyclization
monosaccharide OH group on 2nd to last carbon reacts(under normal conditions) with carbonyl group :
if aldose=a hemiacetal
if ketose+a hemiketal
Cyclic of D-glucose
D-glucopyranose Oh attacks to c=o from either side=alpha and beta anomie’s
Glucose
energy source,7 rich c-h bonds breaks down during cellular respiration and releases as ATP for cell
Fructose
7-rich c-h bonds forms furan based ring (furganose-5 membered despite being a hexose (6C)
Maltose
forms during condensation 2 molecules form a large molecule by losing H20.
Lactose
Glucose and galactose joined 1-4 carbon via Beta-1-4 glycosidic bonds.
enzyme lactase
Sucrose
Glucose and fructose joined by 1-2 Carbon by alpha-1-2 glycosidic link.
Enzyme sucrase
Oligosaccharides
monosaccharides when joined together by condensation
Starch
made from amylose-coiled alpha-1-4 link D glucose & amylopectin alpha-1-4 and 1-6 d glucose. amylase and maltase break down 1-4 and isomaltase breaks down 1-6
Glycogen
branched polysaccharide joined by Alpha 1-4 D-glucose and 1-6.branches frequently ,hydrolysis to glucose when required
glycoproteins
have oligosaccharide attached to protein structure and glycosylated membrane Is important for immune recognition-they make up muffins and glycocalix
muffins
mucus lining cavities open to exterior
glycocalix
cover cell membranes of epithelial cells and bacteria
