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IB BIOLOGY > Carbohydrates and Lipids ✅ > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and Lipids ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

How do monomers link

A

via condensation reactions to form polymers

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2
Q

What is a polymer

A

larger molecule made up of small subunits

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3
Q

What are the 4 carbon compounds macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
Protein (Polypeptides)
Lipids
Nucleic Acid

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4
Q

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate (polysaccharide) ?

A

Monosaccharide

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5
Q

What’s the monomer of a Protein (polypeptide)

A

Amino acids

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6
Q

What’s the monomer of a lipid

A

glycerol /fatty acids

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7
Q

What’s the monomer of a nucleic acid

A

nucleotide

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8
Q

What are the four macro molecules

A

Carbohydrate
Lipids
Nucleic Acid
Protein

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9
Q

How can you break polymers (macromolecules) into monomers

A

hydrolysis

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10
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

simple sugars

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11
Q

What is pentose

A

monosaccharide with 5 carbons

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12
Q

What is hexose

A

monosaccharide with 6 carbons

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13
Q

What are the properties of monosaccharides ? (3)

A

• small and soluble in water (easily transport)
• oxidation of glucose provides large amounts of energy
• stable due to covalent bonds (for energy storage)

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14
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

two monosaccharide connected

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15
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

a carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together

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16
Q

What is a polysaccharide used for

A

energy storage and structural needs within a cell

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17
Q

What are the three carbohydrate molecules

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose

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18
Q

What is the difference between starch , glycogen and cellulose

A

starch and cellulose are made in plants

glycogen made in animals

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19
Q

What is the branching between starch cellulose and glycogen

A

glycogen - heavily branched
starch - moderate branching
cellulose - unbranched

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20
Q

draw alpha glucose and beta glucose

A
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21
Q

difference between alpha glucose and beta

A

alpha - carbon 1 the OH group is orientated down

beta - carbon 1 the OH group is oriented up

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22
Q

Starch only contains

A

alpha glucose

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23
Q

What bonds does starch contain

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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24
Q

What bonds does glycogen contain

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bond

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25
Q

What glucose does glycogen contain

A

alpha

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26
Q

What glucose is cellulose made up of

A

beta

27
Q

What can glycogen and amylopectin do

A

large molecules able to store large amounts of energy

28
Q

what do larger structures result in

A

less soluble

29
Q

What is the benefit of cellulose having beta glucose

A

has extreme tensile strength that supplants plastic cell walls

30
Q

3 main polysaccharide

A

Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen

31
Q

Where are glycoproteins found

A

Cell membrane embedded within phospholipid

32
Q

What’s an oligosaccharide

A

A saccharide polymer containing a small number of monosaccharides

33
Q

What are oligosaccharide used for

A

cell recognition and immunity

34
Q

what properties do lipids have

A

hydrophobic properties

35
Q

What does being hydrophobic allow lipids to do

A

Easily dissolve in non-polar solutions
cannot easily dissolve in polar solutions

36
Q

How are triglycerides and phospholipids formed

A

by condensation reactions with glycerol

37
Q

Fatty acids can be

A

saturated or unsaturated

38
Q

saturated has

A

single bonds

39
Q

What’s a cis fatty acid

A

hydrogen on same side
creates a bend in the chain

40
Q

what’s a trans fatty acid

A

both hydrogens on opposite sides
does not bend the chain

41
Q

What does trans fatty acids result in

A

higher melting point because more can be packed together without a bend in the chain

solid at room temperature

42
Q

What does cis fatty acids result in

A

lower melting point
liquid at room temperature

43
Q

Function of triglycerides

A

long term energy storage and insulation in adipose tissue

44
Q

More functions of triglycerides

A

stable
hydrophobic
store a high amount of energy per gram
help retain body heat

45
Q

Phospholipids are

A

amphipathic which naturally form lipid bilayer

46
Q

glucose is a

A

monosaccharide

47
Q

how is cellulose made

A

from molecules of beta glucose

48
Q

how is starch and glycogen made

A

molecules of alpha glucose

49
Q

what are 4 properties of glucose

A

• stable structure due to covalent bonds
• soluble in water due to polar
• easily transportable
• source of chemical energy

50
Q

3 examples of polysaccharides

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose

51
Q

what is starch the storage polysaccharide for

A

plants

52
Q

what are the two polysaccharide that form starch in plants

A

amylose (unbranched)
amylopectin (branched)

53
Q

what is the storage polysaccharide of animals and fungi

A

glycogen (more branched than amylopectin)

54
Q

Explain the structure of cellulose

A

• cellulose is a structural carb found in cell walls of plants
• molecules of cellulose are straight and unbranched
• cellulose is a polymer of beta glucose monomers

55
Q

What makes a glycoprotein

A

carbohydrates and polypeptides combine via covalent bonds

56
Q

When do glycoproteins act as receptor molecules

A

• cell recognition
• receptors for cell signaling
• cell adhesion

57
Q

When do glycoproteins act as receptor molecules

A

cell recognition
receptors for cell signalling
cell adhesion

58
Q

What are some examples of lipids in living organisms

A

fats
oils
waxes
steroids

59
Q

Lipid macromolecules contains

A

carbon hydrogen and. oxygen

60
Q

How many glycerol and fatty acids do phospholipids contain

A

two fatty acids bonded to 1 glycerol molecule

61
Q

In animals where are lipids stored

A

adipose tissue

62
Q

What is the carbon atom bonded to in a saturated fatty acid

A

two hydrogen atoms

63
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid contain at least one

A

C-C double bond

64
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are when

A

there are many carbon-carbon double bonds

IB BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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