Carbohydrates, Cardiac Markers, Tumor Markers

Question 1

Trioses

Answer 1

3 Carbons

Question 2

Pentoses

Answer 2

5 Carbons

Question 3

1 sugar unit = Monosaccharides =

Answer 3

Glucose

Question 4

2 sugar units = Disaccharides =

Answer 4

Lactose, maltose, sucrose

Question 5

10+ sugar units = Polysaccharides =

Answer 5

Starch, cellulose, chitin

Question 6

Chemical properties

Answer 6

Reducing agents
Energy source

Question 7

Amylase

Answer 7

non-absorbable carbohydrates —> disaccharides

Question 8

Maltose

Answer 8

disaccharides —> monosaccharides

gut absorption —> transported to liver

Question 9

Galactose and fructose broken down to?

Answer 9

Glucose

Question 10

Glucose

Answer 10

Primary source of energy
Direct use or stored as glycogen in liver and muscles

Question 11

Glucose Metabolism Pathways

Answer 11

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway
Glycogenesis

Question 12

Glycolysis
(Embden-Meyerhof Pathway)

Answer 12

• Glucose —> pyruvate —> 2 NADH + 4 ATP
  — 2 ATP = 2 NADH + 2 ATP

Final product: 2 H2O, 2 pyruvate

Pyruvate —> acetyl-CoA —> Krebs cycle

Question 13

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

Answer 13

Generates energy

Question 14

Citric Acid Cycle
(Embden-Meyerhof Pathway)

Answer 14

Aerobic
In mitochondria
1 cycle produces: 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP

NADH + FADH also produces ATP

Question 15

Anaerobic Glycolysis
(Embden-Meyerhof Pathway)

Answer 15

ATP obtained anaerobically
Pyruvic acid/pyruvate —> lactic acid

Lactic acid leaves muscle —> enters circulation —> liver —> glyconeogenesis —> glucose

Question 16

Glyconeogenesis

Answer 16

Glycogen —> broken down to glucose for energy

Question 17

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 17

Glucose generation

Question 18

Glycogenesis

Answer 18

Glucose stored as glycogen

(Like genesis of glycogen)

Question 19

Glycogenolysis

Answer 19

Glycogen —> glucose

Question 20

Lipogenesis

Answer 20

Carbohydrates —> fatty acids

Question 21

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway

Answer 21

Alternative pathway to glycolysis/Citric Acid Cycle
Doesn’t require mitochondria

Ribose-5-phosphate & NADPH - protect cell, lipid bilayer and enzymes; prevents cell death

Question 22

Glycogenesis (Glucose Metabolism)

Answer 22

• Stored as glycogen for later use
• Glucose —> CO2 + H2O —> ATP
• Glucose —> G6P
• Hexokinase & ATP

Question 23

Liver glycogen

Answer 23

G6P
maintains blood glucose levels

Question 24

Muscle glycogen

Answer 24

lack G6P
local energy source for exercise

Question 25

2 hormones that control blood glucose

Answer 25

Insulin Glucagon

Question 26

Insulin

Answer 26

- Responsible for glucose entry into cells - Synthesis: beta-cells of islets of Langerhans - Hypoglycemic agent (only hormone that decreases blood glucose levels)

Question 27

Glucagon

Answer 27

- Synthesis: alpha-cells of islets of Langerhans - Hyperglycemic agent: increase blood glucose levels - Glycogenolysis - glycogen broken down to glucose for energy - Glyconeogenesis - glucose generation

Question 28

2 hormones from adrenal gland

Answer 28

Epinephrine Glucocorticoids

Question 29

Epinephrine

Answer 29

- adrenal medulla - increase plasma glucose by: inhibiting insulin secretion, increasing glycogenolysis, promoting lipolysis - stress: fight or flight response

Question 30

Glucocorticoids (Steroid Hormones)

Answer 30

- cortisol - ACTH —> adrenal cortex - increase plasma glucose by: > increasing gluconeogenesis and lipolysis > decreasing intestinal entry into cell, glycogenesis

Question 31

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 31

Immune system destroys beta-cells in pancreas —> pancreas not making insulin Ketoacidosis Polydipsia (excessive thirst) Polyphagia (increased food intake) Polyuria (excessive urine production) Weight loss, hyperventilation, mental confusion, loss of consciousness

Question 32

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 32

Insulin resistance and insulin secretion defect —> insulin deficiency Obese patients In adults More common

Question 33

Gestational diabetes

Answer 33

Placenta hormones —> insulin resistance Insulin less effective because glucose builds up in blood rather than cells Respiratory distress syndrome, hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia

Question 34

Genetic Detects in Carbohydrate Metabolism

Answer 34

von Gierke disease: G6P deficiency type 1 - body cannot break down glycogen back to glucose

Question 35

Monitor diabetes with:

Answer 35

- Glucose - Glycosylated proteins (HbA1c) - Ketones: increases

Question 36

HbA1c specimen

Answer 36

EDTA whole blood

Question 37

3 ketone bodies

Answer 37

Acetone Acetoacetic acid Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Question 38

Common method for measuring ketones

Answer 38

Urine reagent strip Acetest tablets