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Chemistry > Proteins & Liver Function > Flashcards

Proteins & Liver Function Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Parts of an amino acid

A
  • Central carbon atom
  • Hydrogen
  • Amino group (-NH2)
  • Acidic carboxyl group (-COOH)
  • Organic side chain (R group)
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2
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Supplied by the diet in the form of proteins

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3
Q

Histidine (Amino Acid)

A

Help grow and repair body tissues

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4
Q

Methionine

A

Stabilize protein structure

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5
Q

Threonine (Amino Acid)

A

Needed for collagen, elastin and tooth enamel formation

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6
Q

Tryptophan (Amino Acid)

A

Metabolic precursor for melatonin and serotonin

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7
Q

Stomach enzyme

A

Gastrin —> HCl and pepsin —> denatures proteins

Pepsin breaks down proteins —> peptides

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8
Q

Small intestine enzymes

A

Secretin and cholecystokinin —> trypsin (proteolytic enzyme) —> breaks down proteins

Enzymes break peptides —> amino acids

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9
Q

Pancreatic enzymes

A

Hydrolyze polypeptides —> amino acids

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10
Q

Peptidase

A

Cleaves remaining peptide bonds —> free amino acids

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11
Q

Peptide bond

A

Links amino acids covalently

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12
Q

Polypeptide

A

Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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13
Q

Protein

A

large polypeptide

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14
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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15
Q

Secondary structure of protein

A

Hydrogen bonds - alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet

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16
Q

Tertiary structure of protein

A

Overall conformation of the protein molecule

3D due to interaction of side chains

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17
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Interaction of more than one protein molecule

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18
Q

Protein denaturation by:

A
  • Heat
  • Hydrolysis by strong acid or base
  • UV light
  • Urea
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19
Q

Prealbumin (Plasma protein)

A
  • Transport protein for T4 and T3
  • Seen in CSF protein electrophoresis (not usually serum)
  • Migrates before albumin in serum protein electrophoresis
  • Negative acute-phase reactant (concentration decreases during inflammation)
  • Low conc: hepatic damage, tissue necrosis, poor nutritional status
  • Increased conc: steroid therapy, alcohol abuse or chronic renal failure
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20
Q

Albumin (Plasma protein)

A
  • Most abundant plasma protein
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • Negative acute-phase reactant
  • Decreased conc: inflammation, liver and kidney disease, malnutrition and malabsorption
  • Monitor efficacy of diabetes therapy
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21
Q

Globulins (Plasma Protein)

A

4 major types:
- alpha1
- alpha2
- beta
- gamma

Ex: haptoglobulin, transferrin, fibrinogen, CRP, immunoglobulins

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22
Q

Transferrin (Globulin)

A
  • Binds and transports iron
  • Iron status
  • Decrease: liver disease, insufficient dietary intake, iron overload
  • Increase: iron deficiency anemia
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23
Q

Fibrinogen (Globulin)

A

Thrombin —> fibrin clot
- Increases during inflammation and pregnancy

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24
Q

CRP (Globulin)

A
  • Increase: tissue inflammation, viral and bacterial infection, myocardial infarctions, rheumatic fever
  • Evaluate ateriosclerosis (plaque in arteries)
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25
IgG
- Blood plasma - Bacteria, fungi, viruses and foreign particles - Decrease: acquired immunodeficiency, hereditary deficiency, and protein losing states
26
IgA
- Mucous secretions, tears, saliva, vaginal fluid, secretions from respiratory and GI mucosa - Protect mucosal tissues - Decrease: impaired protein synthesis and immunodeficiency - Increase: liver disease, infections and autoimmune diseases
27
IgM
- First antibody - Increase: bacterial infections, toxoplasmosis, biliary cirrhosis, cytomegalovirus, rubella, herpes, fungal diseases - Monoclonal spike: Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
28
IgE
Increase: allergic and anaphylactic reactions, autoimmune processes and parasitic infections
29
Haptoglobin
- Binds free hemoglobin - Increase: ulcerative colitis, acute rheumatic disease, acute myocardial infarction, severe infection - Evaluate hemolytic anemias: extravascular vs intravascular hemolysis
30
Hemoglobin
- Transport proteins and oxygen - Contains heme molecule (which reversibly binds oxygen) - Decreased: anemia
31
Hemoglobinopathies
- DNA mutations causing quantitative defects (inherited) - Structurally different form of hemoglobin - HbS = mutated form of HbA, causes sickle cell anemia
32
Extravascular hemolysis
RBC lysis outside of the circulatory system - Phagocytic cells/macrophages - No free hemoglobin
33
Intravascular hemolysis
Lysed RBCs —> creates: - circulating free hgb - haptoglobin and hemoplexin - Iron is reclaimed - Globin chains broken down —> amino acids recycled - Heme —> bilirubin and urobilinogen
34
Bilirubin
- Removal of heme waste products, excreted into bile by the liver - Albumin carries bilirubin to the liver
35
Unconjugated bilirubin
Insoluble in water, so cannot be removed by the body until it’s conjugated, which requires UDPGT enzyme
36
UDPGT enzyme
Conjugates bilirubin Conjugated bilirubin —> urobilinogen —oxidized—> urobilin —> excreted in feces
37
Prehepatic jaundice
- Caused by a problem prior to liver metabolism - Hemolytic anemia —> increased bilirubin
38
Hepatic jaundice
- Defects of liver - Gilbert’s disease: mutation in UGT1A1 gene - Dubin-Johnson syndrome: deficiency of protein MDR2/cMOAT
39
Posthepatic jaundice
Gallstones or tumors (conjugated by liver but cannot leave because something is physically obstructing the way)
40
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
UDPGT enzyme deficiency —> buildup of unconjugated bilirubin —> hernicterus (brain damage) - Tx: phototherapy
41
Total bilirubin measurement
Jendrassik-Grof Bilirubin + diazotized sulfanilic acid + ACCELERATOR/CAFFEINE —> azobilirubin
42
Conjugated bilirubin measurement
Diazo reaction Bilirubin + diazonized sulfanilic acid —> azobilirubin
43
Unconjugated bilirubin measurement
TBIL - conjugated
44
Myoglobin
- Oxygen carrying protein - Reversibly binds oxygen - My-oh-mi — myoglobin transports oxygen to mitochondria - Striated muscle damage - released myoglobin into blood - Increase: acute myocardial infarction, damaged skeletal muscle (progressive muscular dystrophy, crush injuries, rhabdomyolysis), renal failure (impaired glomerular filtration) - Myoglobin elevation in urine/myoglobinuria —> reddish-brown
45
Myoglobinuria measurement
Urine dipstick - Positive for heme - No RBCs
46
Porphyria
- Metabolic disorder - Loss/gain of function mutation in enzymes responsible for heme biosynthesis (rare disorder that is caused by a buildup of porphyrins) Affects heme metabolism
47
Acute porphyrias
Neurological symptoms and acute attacks of abdominal pain Urine tested for PBG and prophyrins Wet diaper —> UV light —> fluorescence
48
Cutaneous porphyria
Photosensitization from exposure to sunlight
49
Prophyrinuria
Disorder associated with increased excretion of urinary porphyrins - Liver diseases: hepatitis, cirrhosis - Bilirubin metabolism disorders: Dubin Johnson, Rotor, Gilbert syndromes - Heavy metal poisoning: lead toxicity - Insufficient iron stores —> RBC protoporphyrin assimilate zinc —> zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) - Lead interferes with: enzyme formation of porphobilinogen (PBG) and insertion of ferrous iron into heme
50
Fetal Fibronectin (fFN)
Short term risk of premature delivery
51
Cystatin C
Glomerular/kidney function
52
Hypoproteinemia
Serum or plasma total protein concentration is below the reference range Renal disease, malnutrition, maldigestion, malabsorption, digestive system inflammation, blood loss
53
Hyperproteinemia
Excessive production of proteins - Dehydration - Addison disease - Diabetic acidosis
54
Total protein - Method of Analysis
- No hemolyzed samples - TP: lower at birth, adult levels around 3 yo - Biuret reaction: cupric (Cu2+) - Purple color = (+)
55
Monoclonal spike
M- protein or M- spike - Detected in blood and/or the urine - Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, Multiple myeloma
56
Albumin - Method of Analysis
Dye binding procedures: bromocresol green (BCG) or bromocresol purple (BCP) - BCG affected by LIH (lipemia, icterus, hemolysis) - BCP affected by I (icterus)
57
Serum protein electrophoresis
Separates protein based on: charge and density Smaller proteins move faster than larger proteins
58
Capillary electrophoresis
Separation of molecules inside a silica capillary Heat is dissipated
59
Immunofixation electrophoresis
Anti-seras (anti-IgA, IgM, etc) added to form antigen-antibody complexes Identifies M protein/monoclonal spike present
60
Proteinuria
Causes: - Protein overflow from plasma - Increased permeability of the glomeruli - Decreased tubular reabsorption - Increased synthesis of renal proteins - Renal inflammation Bence Jones proteins: Multiple myeloma or Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
61
Proteins in CSF
Increased permeability of the blood brain barrier - Meningitis, traumatic lumbar puncture, multiple sclerosis, neoplasm, disk herniation, cerebral infarction Compare CSF albumin with measured serum albumin Reference protein: albumin Value > reference range = damage to blood brain barrier
62
Proteins in CSF
Increased permeability of the blood brain barrier - Meningitis, traumatic lumbar puncture, multiple sclerosis, neoplasm, disk herniation, cerebral infarction Compare CSF albumin with measured serum albumin Reference protein: albumin Value > reference range = damage to blood brain barrier
63
Isoelectric focusing
Isoelectric point - Polyacrylamide or agarose gel - Genetic variants of enzymes and hemoglobins - Detect paraproteins in serum, oligoclonal bands in CSF, isoenzyme determinations
64
Bence Jones protein
Multiple myeloma Waldenstroms macroglobulemia

Chemistry (3 decks)

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