carbohydrates, lipids and proteins Flashcards
(21 cards)
What are monosaccharides?
Monosaccharides are simple sugars composed of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O).
What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
The general formula is C(H2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
What is the primary function of monosaccharides in living organisms?
Their structure allows them to be quickly broken down to produce ATP, the primary energy currency in cells.
What are disaccharides?
Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides join together in a condensation reaction.
What is a condensation reaction in the context of disaccharides?
It involves the removal of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom from the hydroxyl (-OH) groups of two monosaccharides, forming a glycosidic bond.
Where is starch located?
found in plant cells as a major form of energy store
What is starch made out of?
amylose- linear form of starch
amylopectin- branched for of starch
What is the structure and shape of amylose?
Made out of alpha glucose monomers joined together by 1,4-glycosidic bonds
Linear shape, allows it to be compact (can fit into smaller spaces)
what is the structure and function of amylopectin?
Made from alpha glucose monomers joined together by 1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic bonds.
Branched structure allows it to be rapidly hydrolysed to release energy.
what is the structure and function of glycogen?
Structure: made out of alpha glucose monomers joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds.
Has a compact and branched structure
Used as energy store in animal cells
What is the structure of a triglyceride?
Formed from 3 fatty acids and one glycerol joined together by ester bonds between the OH group of the glycerol and the COOH group of the fatty acid
What are the types of fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids: contain single carbon carbon bonds resulting straight chains making the molecule more compact
H:C ratio: higher h to c ratio
Unsaturated fatty acids: contain double carbon carbon bonds resulting in bent chains or kinks making the molecule less compact
H:C ratio: lower hydrogen to carbon ratio
What are the roles of triglycerides?
1.used as energy reserves, better energy reserves than carbohydrates due to more C-H bonds which store more energy
2. Act as an insulator by helping maintain body temperature, provide buoyancy due to reducing the density of the aquatic animals
What do amino acids contain?
Central carbon atom, Amine group (NH3), carboxyl group (COOH) and R group which differs between amino acids
How does a peptide bond form?
Formed between amino acids through condensation reactions creating a dipeptide
What is the primary structure of proteins?
Sequence of amino acids forming a polypeptide chain held together by PEPTIDE BONDS
what is the secondary structure of a proteins?
Folding of the polypeptide chain into regular shape maintained by HYDROGEN BONDS
Types of regular shape
- Alpha helix
- Beta pleated sheet
What is the tertiary structure of the protein?
3D folding of the polypeptide chain
Types of bonds present: Hydrogen bonds: between NH and CO
Disulfide bridges: between the SH groups of the cysteine amino acid
Ionic bonds: between R groups containing carboxyl and amine groups
What is the quaternary structure of the protein?
3D arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains
What is the shape, structure and function of haemoglobin?
Haemoglobin is a globular protein that has a spherical shape. It consists of 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta)
Each chain contains a prosthetic (harm group) which contains an iron atom that will bind with an oxygen molecule.
what is the shape, structure and function of a collagen?
It is a fibrous protein that has a thread like structure. It is composed of 3 polypeptide chains held together by hydrogen bonds. Polypeptide chains consist of amino acid sequences mainly glycine, hydroxyproline and proline.
It has tensile strength- cannot break easily.
It has mainly primarily structure
