Carbon, macromolecules, and the cell

Question 1

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 1

• its organic because it has carbon
• it has functional groups
• makeup all components or a cell
  - carbohydrates
  - lipids
  - proteins
  - nucleic acids
• made of of monomers linked into a polymer

Question 2

what are functional groups?

Answer 2

groups that have a carbon skeleton and the atoms coming out of it give it its property

Question 3

What are monomers?

Answer 3

-small molecular units
-make up polymers, which make up macromolecules
-

Question 4

What are polymers?

Answer 4

• made up of monomers

- make up macromolecules

Question 5

What is it called when you make and decompose polymers? What do you need to break them down?

Answer 5

• synthesis
• degradation
• enzymes

Question 6

What is synthesis?

Answer 6

-requires a covalent bond
-stores
-

Question 7

What is degradation?

Answer 7

• decomposes covalent bonds

- when you eat and it breaks down the food

Question 8

What is dehydration?

Answer 8

-when a bond is being made and water is removed

Question 9

what is hydrolysis?

Answer 9

-when a bond is being broken down by adding water

Question 10

What are the two basic types of cells?

Answer 10

• prokaryotic

- eukaryotic

Question 11

what is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 11

• doesn’t have nucleus
• DNA bundled in nucleoid area
• smaller than eukaryotic cell
• lack membrane bound compartments aka organelles

Question 12

what is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 12

• cells that have a nucleus that protect DNA
• contain organelles
• animals and plant cells
• -protists, plant, fungi, animal

Question 13

What are cell membranes?

Answer 13

• also known as plasma membrane
• all cells have is
• some organelles in the cell have it
• made of phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein

Question 14

what is a Lipids?

Answer 14

-monomer
-only one that doesn’t have a long chain of polymers
-mostly non polar
-has hydrocarbons
-meythl
-in the cell membrane
-

Question 15

what is cholesterol?

Answer 15

• four ringed hydrocarbon molecule
• non polar
• phospate at the top

Question 16

what is a phospholipid?

Answer 16

• its head is hydrophilic

- tail is hydrophobic

Question 17

describe phospholipids and cholesterol together.

Answer 17

• forms a hydroxyl

- non polar

Question 18

nucleolus

Answer 18

• inside nucleus

- where ribosomes are made

Question 19

what happens in the nucleus?

Answer 19

• transcription (DNA > MRNA)

- s phase (where DNA replicates)

Question 20

what is a nucleic acid?

Answer 20

–DNA and RNA
-macromolecule
-nucleotides are the monomers of the N.A
-nucleotides come together to form polymers
-polymers form either DNA or RNA
-

Question 21

what are nucleotides?

Answer 21

• phosphate
• ribose
• nitrogenous base

Question 22

what the difference btwn DNA and RNA?

Answer 22

• uracil for rna
• thymine for dna
• H for dna
• oh for RNA

Question 23

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 23

• rough er
  
  • assembly of proteins
  • translation
  • vesicles transport proteins
• smooth er
  
  • enzymes to detoxify
  • liver cells

Question 24

vesicles

Answer 24

• allow the transportation of membrane bound components within the cell
• transports proteins

Question 25

golgi

Answer 25

- tags and sorts proteins | - cis (start) trans (end)

Question 26

lysosomes

Answer 26

- cuts and breaks down w enzymes | - vesicular organelles (smaller)

Question 27

peroxisomes

Answer 27

- creates and breaks down hydrogen peroxide | - feeds mitochondria

Question 28

mitochondria

Answer 28

- produces atp energy | - inner membrane is the cristane

Question 29

carbohydrates

Answer 29

- sugar or saccharides - very polar - carbonyl and hydroxyl groups - monosaccharides - disaccharides

Question 30

monosaccharides

Answer 30

-glucose

Question 31

disaccarides

Answer 31

-2 monomers

Question 32

polysaccharids

Answer 32

- polymer - starch: plants - glycogen: animals

Question 33

cytoskeleton

Answer 33

-composed of protien fibers -microtubules -actin -

Question 34

microfilaments aka actin

Answer 34

-a protein fiber -looks like a rope -made up of proteins called actin -

Question 35

microtubules

Answer 35

- a protein fiber - made of tubular proxies - in a cylinder shape - organize at the centrosome - intracellular = vesicular transport - extracellular= cell movement (cilia flagella)

Question 36

intermediate filaments

Answer 36

-hold organelles in place