Chemistry: Organic > Carboxylic Acids > Flashcards

Carboxylic Acids Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acid?

A

COOH

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2
Q

How are carboxylic acids made?

A

primary alcohols are oxidised into aldehydes

aldehydes are further oxidised into carboxylic acids

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3
Q

What is the overall equation for the formation of a carboxylic acid?

A

alcohol + 2[O] > Carboxylic acid + water

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4
Q

Which carboxylic acids are very soluble?

A

those with a low molecular mass

this is bc the COOH group forms hydrogen bonding with water

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5
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak?

A

only slightly dissociated in water
only partially give their proton

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6
Q

How are carboxylic acids dissociated?

A

carbonyl grouo (C=O) attracts electrons away from the -OH group

this causes the -OH bond to be weakened so it breaks easily to release a proton and produce a carboxylate anion

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7
Q

What is the equation for dissociation

A

CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO- + H+

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8
Q

Why are alcohols not acidic?

A

the -OH bond doesn’t break easily

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9
Q

Why does the addition of a halogen change a CA acidity?

A
  • halogen is electron withdrawing
  • so OH bond is weaker
  • thus its a stronger acid
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10
Q

What is the test for carboxylic acids?

A

Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate)

observation: effervescence

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11
Q

What is the word equation for CA with sodium carbonate?

A

e.g ethanoic acids

ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate > sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water

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12
Q

What is the equation for CA and sodium carbonate?

A

e.g methanoic acids ethanoic acid

2COOH + Na2CO3 > 2COO-Na+ + CO2 + H2O

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13
Q

How are esters formed?

A

esterification

carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of a strong acids

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14
Q

What are the uses of esters

A

flavourings
perfumes
plasticisers

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15
Q

What catalyst is used in esterification?

A

Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

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16
Q

What is the WORD equation for esterification?

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol ⇌ ester + water

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17
Q

What is the equation for Esterification?

A

e.g methanoic acid

CH3CO OH + CH3O H ⇌ CH3COCH3O + H2O

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18
Q

How do you name an ester?

A

the alky chain is the prefix > e.g methanol is methyl etc

the carboxyl-acid is the suffix and changed from -oic to -oate

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19
Q

What is a functional group isomer?

A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

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20
Q

What is used to hydrolyse esters into carboxylic acids?

A

using diluted H2SO4 of HCL as a catalyst along with water

reversible so gives low yeild of CA

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21
Q

What is basic hydrolysis of an ester?

A

when an ester is hydrolysed into an alcohol and carboxylic salt when heated with an alkali

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22
Q

What is the equation for the first step of basic hydrolysis?

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A

Add alkali (NaOH)

e.g ethanoic acid

CH3CO|OCH3 + NaO|H > CH3COO-Na+ CH3OH

23
Q

what is the second step of basic hydrolysis?

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A

add excess acid (dilute H2SO4 or HCl) to reformed carboxylic acid

CH3COO-Na + HCL > CH3COOH + NaCl

24
Q

What are triesters?

Study These Flashcards
A

triglycerides of long chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids) and gylcerol

they occur as fats and oils

25
What is formed when triglycerides are hydrolysed?
hydrolysed using hot NaOH or KOH glycerol and sodium/potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids (carboxylate salts)
26
What are carboxyate salts used for?
soap
27
What is biodiesel?
liquid fuel consisting of a mixture of **methyl Esters** of long chain carboxylic acid from vegetable oil
28
how do you Hydrolyse fats/oils into biodiesel?
react with a methanol with a strong acid/alkaline as a catalyst This forms a mixture of methyl Esters
29
What is bio diesel used for?
Fuel in diesel vehicles
30
What are the two functional groups of carboxylic acids?
acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides
31
What is a acyl chloride!
the -OH group in a carboxylic acid is replaced by a chlorine atom
32
how do you name an acyl chloride?
suffix = oyl chloride Ethanolic acid > ethanoly chloride
33
what is the equation for nucleophilic addition elimination?
CH3COCl + XH > CH3COX + HCl
34
what are the four different nuclear phases that were react with acyl chlorides?
water alcohol ammonia amines
35
What is the name of the mechanism with acyl chlorides?
Nucleophilic addition elimination
36
what are the advantages of using acyls to make esters?
no catalyst is needed purer product High yield because the reaction is not reversible
37
what is a limitation of using acyl chlorides?
HCL is **toxic and corrosive**
38
how amides formed?
when acyl chlorides react with ammonia
39
How do you name N-substituted amides?
N and the suffix -anamide
40
what is an advantage of using acid anhydrides?
cheaper React less exothermically so the reaction is less violent Less vulnerable to hydrolysis HCL is not formed High yield
41
what forms acid anhydrides?
When two carboxylic acid join together with the elimination of water
42
how do you name an acid anhydride?
-anhydride replace the -acid suffix
43
why are acid anhydrides leave groups good?
they activate the adjacent carbonyl group by electron withdrawal
44
what is a good leaving group?
A stable species which is removed during a chemical reaction
45
What are the three ways to create carboxylic acids?
- primary alcohols/aldehydes are **oxidised** by acidified potassium dichromate - acyl chloride react with water - acid anhydrides with water
46
What are the three way to create an Esther?
- carboxylic acid reacting with an alcohol - acyl chloride with alcohol - acyl anhydrides with alcohol
47
What are the reactants/conditions for Nucleophilic addition elimination to produce a **carboxylic acid** from an acyl chloride
water at room temperature
48
What are the reactants/conditions for Nucleophilic addition elimination to produce an **ester** from an acyl chloride
alcohol at room temperature
49
What are the reactants/conditions for Nucleophilic addition elimination to produce an **primary amine** from an acyl chloride
2 ammonias 2nd ammonia reacts with HCl to produce ammonium salt room temperature
50
What are the reactants/conditions for Nucleophilic addition elimination to produce an **N-substituted amide** from an acyl chloride
2 primary amines (salt is produced) room temperature
51
What is formed when an anhydride reacts with an ammonia
an anamide and carboxylic acid
52
What is produced in a reaction between anhydrides and amines
N-substituted amides and carboxylic acid
53
What is the equation for a reaction between anhydrides and amines
(RCO)2O + RNH2 > RCONHR + RCOOH
Chemistry: Organic
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