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Chemistry: Organic > Carboxylic Acids > Flashcards

Carboxylic Acids Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acid?

A

COOH

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2
Q

How are carboxylic acids made?

A

primary alcohols are oxidised into aldehydes

aldehydes are further oxidised into carboxylic acids

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3
Q

How are carboxylic acids made?

A

primary alcohols are oxidised into aldehydes

aldehydes are further oxidised into carboxylic acids

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4
Q

What is the overall equation for the formation of a carboxylic acid?

A

alcohol + 2[O] > Carboxylic acid + water

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5
Q

Which carboxylic acids are very soluble?

A

those with a low molecular mass

this is bc the COOH group forms hydrogen bonding with water

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6
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak?

A

only slightly dissociated in water
only partially give their proton

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7
Q

How are carboxylic acids dissociated?

A

carbonyl grouo (C=O) attracts electrons away from the -OH group

this causes the -OH bond to be weakened so it breaks easily to release a proton and produce a carboxylate anion

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8
Q

What is the equation for dissociation

A

CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO- + H+

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9
Q

Why are alcohols not acidic?

A

the -OH bond doesn’t break easily

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10
Q

Why does the addition of a halogen change a CA acidity?

A
  • halogen is electron withdrawing
  • so OH bond is weaker
  • thus its a stronger acid
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11
Q

What is the test for carboxylic acids?

A

Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate)

observation: effervescence

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12
Q

What is the word equation for CA with sodium carbonate?

A

e.g ethanoic acids

ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate > sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water

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13
Q

What is the equation for CA and sodium carbonate?

A

e.g methanoic acids ethanoic acid

2COOH + Na2CO3 > 2COO-Na+ + CO2 + H2O

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14
Q

How are esters formed?

A

esterification

carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of a strong acids

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15
Q

What are the uses of esters

A

flavourings
perfumes
plasticisers

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16
Q

What catalyst is used in esterification?

A

Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

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17
Q

What is the WORD equation for esterification?

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol ⇌ ester + water

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18
Q

What is the equation for Esterification?

A

e.g methanoic acid

CH3CO OH + CH3O H ⇌ CH3COCH3O + H2O

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19
Q

How do you name an ester?

Study These Flashcards
A

the alky chain is the prefix > e.g methanol is methyl etc

the carboxyl-acid is the suffix and changed from -oic to -oate

20
Q

What is a functional group isomer?

Study These Flashcards
A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

21
Q

How can esters be hydrolysed into carboxylic acids?

Study These Flashcards
A

using diluted H2SO4 of HCL as a catalyst along with water

reversible so gives low yeild of CA

22
Q

What is basic hydrolysis?

Study These Flashcards
A

when an ester is hydrolysed into an alcohol and carboxylic salt when heated with an alkali

23
Q

What is the equation for the first step of basic hydrolysis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Add alkali (NaOH)

e.g ethanoic acid

CH3CO|OCH3 + NaO|H > CH3COO-Na+ CH3OH

24
Q

what is the second step of basic hydrolysis?

Study These Flashcards
A

add excess acid (dilute H2SO4 or HCl) and carboxylic acid is reformed

CH3COO-Na + HCL > CH3COOH + NaCl

25
What are triesters?
triglycerides of long chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids) and gylcerol they occur as fats and oils
26
What is formed when triglycerides are hydrolysed?
hydrolysed using hot NaOH or KOH glycerol and sodium/potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids (carboxylate salts)
27
What are carboxyate salts used for?
soap
28
What is biodiesel?
liquid fuel consisting of a mixture of **methyl Esters** of long chain carboxylic acid from vegetable oil
29
how do you Hydrolyse fats/oils into biodiesel?
react with a methanol with a strong acid/alkaline as a catalyst This forms a mixture of methyl Esters
30
What is bio diesel used for?
Fuel in diesel vehicle vehicles
31
What are the two functional groups of carboxylic acids?
acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides
32
What is a acyl chloride!
the -OH group in a carboxylic acid is replaced by a chlorine atom
33
how do you name an acyl chloride?
suffix = oyl chloride Ethanolic acid ethanoly chloride
34
what is the equation for nucleophilic addition elimination?
CH3COCl + XH > CH3COX + HCl
35
what are the four different nuclear phases that were react with acyl chlorides?
water alcohol ammonia amines
36
What is the name of the mechanism with acyl chlorides?
Nucleophilic edition elimination
37
what are the advantages of using acyls to make esters?
no catalyst is needed purer product High yield because the reaction is not reversible
38
what is a limitation of using acyl chlorides?
HCL is **toxic and corrosive**
39
how amides formed?
when acyl chlorides react with ammonia
40
How do you name N-substituted amides?
N and the suffix -anamide
41
what is an advantage of using acid anhydrides?
cheaper React less exothermically so the reaction is less violent Less vulnerable to hydrolysis HCL is not formed High yield
42
what forms acid anhydrides?
Went to carboxylic acid joined together with the elimination of water
43
how do you name an acid anhydride?
-anhydride replace the -acid suffix
44
why are acid anhydrides leave groups good?
they activate the adjacent carbonyl group by electron withdrawal
45
what is a good leaving group?
A stable species which is removed during a chemical reaction
46
What are the three ways to create carboxylic acids?
- primary alcohols/aldehydes are **oxidised** by acidified potassium dichromate - acyl chloride react with water - acid anhydrides with water
47
What are the three way to create an Esther?
- carboxylic acid reacting with an alcohol - acyl chloride with alcohol - acyl anhydrides with alcohol

Chemistry: Organic (16 decks)

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