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Chemistry: Organic > Organic Synthesis > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What mechanism turns an alkane into a halogenoalkane?

A

free radical substitution

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2
Q

What reagents and conditions are needed for free radical substitution?

A

reagent: halogen
conditions: uv light

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3
Q

What mechanism turns a halogenoalkane into an alcohol and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

nucleophilic substitution
reagent: NaOH
conditions warm aq

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4
Q

What mechanism turns a halogenoalkane into an alkene and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

elimination
reagent: NaOH/KOH
conditions: hot ethanol

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5
Q

What mechanism turns a halogenoalkane into a nitrile and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

nucleophilic substitution
reagent: KCN
conditions: aq ethanol

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6
Q

What mechanism turns an alkene into an alkane and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Catalytic hydrogenation
reagent: H2
conditions: Ni

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7
Q

What mechanism turns a halogenoalkane into a primary amine and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

nucleophillic substitution
reagent: NH3
conditions: XS ammonia

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8
Q

What mechanism turns an alkene into dibromoalkane and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Electrophilic addition
reagent: Br2
conditions: N/A

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9
Q

What mechanism turns an alkene into bromoalkane and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Electrophilic addition
reagent: HBr
conditions: N/A

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10
Q

What mechanism turns an alkene into alkylhydrogensulphate then alcohol and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Electrophilic addition
and hydrolysis
reagent: conc H2SO2 & water
conditions: N/A

  • first turn it into an alkylhydrogensulfate
  • then hydrolyse into an alcohol
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11
Q

What mechanism turns an alkene into an alcohol and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Electrophillic addition
reagent: steam
conditions: conc H2SO4 catalyst

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12
Q

What mechanism turns an alcohol into an alkene and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Elimination/dehydration
reagents: conc H2SO4
conditions: N/A

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13
Q

What reaction turns a primary alcohol into an aldehyde and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Oxidation
reagents: acidified K2Cr2O7
conditions: distillation

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14
Q

What is the equation for the oxidation of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?

A

RCH2OH + [O] > RCHO + H2O

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15
Q

What reaction turns a primary alcohol into a carboxylic acid and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Oxidation
reagent: acidified K2CR2O7
conditions: reflux , XS K2CR207

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16
Q

What is the equation for the oxidation of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

A

RCH2OH + 2[O] > R-COOH + H2O

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17
Q

What reaction turns an aldehyde into a carboxylic acid and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Oxidation
reagent: acidified K2CR2O7
conditions: reflux

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18
Q

What is the equation for the oxidation of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?

A

RCHO + [O] > RCOOH

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19
Q

What reaction turns a secondary alcohol into a ketone and what are the reagents and conditions required?

Study These Flashcards
A

Oxidation
reagent: acidified K2CR2O7
conditions: reflux

20
Q

What is the equation for the oxidation of a secondary alcohol to a ketone?

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A

RCH(OH)R + [O] > RCHOR + H2O

21
Q

What mechanism turns an aldehyde or ketone into an alcohol and what are the reagents and conditions required?

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A

Nucleophilic addition/reduction
reagents: NaBH4
conditions: N/A

22
Q

What is the equation for the reduction of an A/K to an alcohol?

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A

RCHOR + 2[H] > RCH(OH)R

23
Q

What mechanism turns an aldehyde or ketone into a hydroxynitrile and what are the reagents and conditions required?

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A

Nucleophilic addition
reagents: KCN & dilute HCl
conditions: N/A

24
Q

What mechanism turns an acyl chlorides into carboxylic acids and what are the reagents and conditions required?

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A

Nucleophilic addition elimination
reagents: water
conditions: N/A

25
What mechanism turns an **acyl chlorides into an ester** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Nucleophilic addition elimination reagents: alcohol conditions: N/A
26
What mechanism turns an **acyl chlorides into an amide** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Nucleophilic addition elimination reagents: ammonia conditions: N/A
27
What mechanism turns an **acyl chlorides into a secondary amide** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Nucleophilic addition elimination reagents: amide conditions: N/A
28
What mechanism turns an **acid anhydride into a carboxylic acid** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Nucleophilic addition elimination reagents: water conditions: N/A
29
What mechanism turns an **acid anhydride into an ester** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Nucleophilic addition elimination reagents: alcohol conditions: N/A
30
What mechanism turns an **acid anhydride into an amine** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Nucleophilic addition elimination reagents: ammonia conditions: N/A
31
What mechanism turns an **acid anhydride into a secondary amide** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Nucleophilic addition elimination reagents: amide conditions: N/A
32
What reaction turns a **carboxylic acid into a carboxylic salt** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Neutralisation reagent: NaOH conditions: N/A
33
What reaction turns a **carboxylic acid into an ester** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Esterification reagents: alcohol conditions: conc H2SO4
34
What reaction turns an **ester into a carboxylic acid and alcohol** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Acid hydrolysis reagent: water condition: conc H2SO4
35
What reaction turns an **ester into a carboxylate salt and alcohol** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Base hydrolysis reagent: NaOH condition: N/A
36
What mechanism turns **benzene into nitrobenzene** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Electrophilic substitution reagent: conc HN03 condition: conc H2SO4
37
What mechanism turns **benzene into phenylketone** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Electrophilic substitution reagent: acyl chloride condition: AlCl3
38
What mechanism turns **a primary amine into a secondary amine** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Nucleophilic substitution reagent: haloalkane conditions: N/A
39
What mechanism turns a **secondary amine into a tertiary amine** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Nucleophilic substitution reagent: haloalkane conditions: N/A
40
What mechanism turns a **tertiary amine into a quaternary ammonium salt** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Nucleophilic substitution reagent: haloalkane conditions: N/A
41
What reaction turns an **amine into an alkylammonium salt** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Acid-base reagent: HCl conditions: N/A
42
What reaction turns **nitrobenzene into phenylamine** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Reduction reagent: conc HCl conditions: Tin/Sn
43
What reaction turns a **nitrile into an amine** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Reduction reagent: H2 condition: Ni
44
What reaction turns a **nitrile into a carboxylic acid** and what are the reagents and conditions required?
Hydrolysis reagent: dilute HCl condition: N/A
45
What mechanisms/reactions dont require conditions
- electrophilic addition - hydrolysis - dehydration - reduction - nucleophilic addition elimination - nucleophilic substitutions with amines - Acid-base

Chemistry: Organic (16 decks)

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