Carbs

Question 1

what is carb RDA?

Answer 1

130g/day

Question 2

what is carb?

Answer 2

1C: H2O

Question 3

which isomer of simple sugars (MS) nutritionally important?

Answer 3

D isomer

Question 4

disaccharides are MS condensed by __ bond

Answer 4

glycosidic

Question 5

homopolysacc of glucose?

Answer 5

starch, glycogen

Question 6

examples of heteropolysaccs?

Answer 6

glycosaminoglycans, hemicellulose, pectin, gum

Question 7

soluble fibre

Answer 7

fermented by bacteria in colon (SCFA). delay absorp of glu

Question 8

insoluble fibre

Answer 8

prevent constipation

Question 9

disacc digestion in:

Answer 9

mucosal cells of microvilli/brush border

Question 10

most abundant complex compound in world, insoluble fibre

Answer 10

cellulose

Question 11

fructose crosses by ___

Answer 11

facilitated diffusion

Question 12

fructose is absorbed faster than ____

Answer 12

xylitol and sorbitol

Question 13

in liver, glucose enters cells by ____ and is insulin _____

Answer 13

facilitated diffusion; insulin independent (GLUT2)

Question 14

in muscle and adipose, glu enters cells by fac. diffusion and is insulin ____

Answer 14

dependent (GLUT4)

Question 15

what is hyperglycemia?

Answer 15

blood glu lvl above normal –>doesn’t enter cells, not reabsorbed by kidney

Question 16

diff between IDDM and NIDDM?

Answer 16

first is insulin dependent, other is not (cells resistant, control by diet and hypogly drugs)

Question 17

what is renal threshold for gluc?

Answer 17

10mmol/L or 180mg/dL –>idneys no longer reabsorb glu as fast as being filtered

Question 18

what is hypoglycemia?

Answer 18

blood glu below normal (hypersecretion of insulin)

Question 19

in fasted states, what are increased?

Answer 19

glucagon, glu release by liver/musc/adipose, glucocorticoids from adrenal, gluconeogenesis

Question 20

priority of utilization of absorbed MS?

Answer 20

energy–>glycogen–>FA–>PPP

Question 21

what is the embden meyerhof path?

Answer 21

fermentation

Question 22

PDH needs:

Answer 22

thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

Question 23

why pyruvate needed to keep TCA cycle running?

Answer 23

supply oxaloacetate (in presence of CO2)

Question 24

how many coenzymes and prosthetic groups in PDH?

Answer 24

5; 3 (TPP, lipoamide, FAD)

Question 25

what is function of TPP?

Answer 25

decarboxylation of a-ketoacids

Question 26

decarboxylation of pyruvate and oxidation of acetate takes place in:

Answer 26

mito matrix

Question 27

ATP synth takes place in:

Answer 27

mito inner mem

Question 28

what is UDP?

Answer 28

step in glycogenesis (uridine 5' diphosphate)

Question 29

which form of glycogen synthase is more active?

Answer 29

dephosphorylated (target of insulin)

Question 30

three fates of G6P?

Answer 30

glycolysis, liver G6phosphatase (to blood/other tissues), PPP

Question 31

why is PPP necessary?

Answer 31

ribose for synth of DNA/RNA/ATP/GTP, provide NADPH for fa synth and for glutathione reductase rxn

Question 32

tissues with active PPP

Answer 32

adrenal, liver, mammary, testes, RBC, ovary, adipose

Question 33

glutathione composed of :

Answer 33

glutamate, cysteine, glycine