Carbs And Lipids

Question 1

What are monosacharrides classification based on

Answer 1

• # of carbons
• Nature of carbonyl

Question 2

Which sugars have chiral centers

Answer 2

-aldoses w/h +3 Cs
- ketoses w/h +4 Cs

Question 3

in glucose … out of the 6Cs are chiral

Answer 3

4

Question 4

in fructose… out of the 6 Cs are chiral

Answer 4

3

Question 5

D- or L- configurations are decided by ?

Answer 5

Configurations of -OH at the C farthest from R-CO-R

Question 6

In glucose which carbon is the highest asymmetric carbon ?

Answer 6

C5

Question 7

Type of polysaccharides

Answer 7

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose , Chitin, Proteoglycan, Glycoproteins, Peptidoglycan

Question 8

What is starch? what twp polymers make up starch?

Answer 8

Mixture of glucose polymers
Amylose ( 20-25%)
Amylopectin (75-80%

Question 9

structure of amylose?

Answer 9

linear chains with 1-4 linkage
left handed

Question 10

Structure of amylopectin

Answer 10

linear chains with 1-4 linkage
-branches at every 24-30 residues with 1-6

Question 11

Function of glycogen

Answer 11

Storage polysaccharides in animals

Question 12

What is the structure of glycogen

Answer 12

every 8-12 residues have a 1-6 branch

Question 13

Function of cellulose

Answer 13

key in plant cell walls

Question 14

what makes cellulose vital in cell walls

Answer 14

rigidity and mechanical strength against osmotic stress

Question 15

what is the structure of cellulose

Answer 15

linear homopolymer of b-d Glucose linked by beta 1-4 linkages

Question 16

how do the chains lie in cellulose

Answer 16

side by side staggered

Question 17

what do the chains in cellulose form

Answer 17

sheets

Question 18

what are the three types of H-bonding in cellulose

Answer 18

intrastrand, interstrand and intersheet

Question 19

why are the three H-bonding in cellulose key

Answer 19

provide strength and resistant to hydrolysis, insoluble

Question 20

Where is chitin found

Answer 20

in exoskeleton of crustaceans insects and spiders

Question 21

structure of chitin

Answer 21

similar to cellulose
beta 1-4 linkages

Question 22

what do chitin have thats important

Answer 22

extended linear chains made of N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc)

Question 23

what bonding is key in chitin

Answer 23

H-bonding similar to cellulose

Question 24

What do Proteogylcans contain

Answer 24

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Question 25

what is the backbone of proteoglycans

Answer 25

Hyaluronic acid polymers

Question 26

What are glycoproteins and their job

Answer 26

sugars on proteins responsible for targeting, sorting, recognition, protection from degradation

Question 27

Modifications by sugars are... encoded in DNA

Answer 27

NOT

Question 28

What links sugars to proteins

Answer 28

Glycoprotein via glycosylation

Question 29

Function of peptidoglycan

Answer 29

Forms bacterial cell walls for protection in hypotonic medium

Question 30

What is responsible for virulence

Answer 30

Peptidoglycan

Question 31

What is the structure of Peptidoglycan

Answer 31

polymer of beta 1-4 linked GlcNAc/Nama disaccharide unit

Question 32

What is peptidoglycan linked to

Answer 32

tetra-peptide

Question 33

O-linked is linked to

Answer 33

OH group of Ser or Thr side of chain

Question 34

N-Linked is to

Answer 34

amide N of Asn side chain

Question 34

What bond is in Fatty acids

Answer 34

double bonds

Question 34

characteristics in Fatty Acids

Answer 34

unsaturated

Question 35

Do unsaturated have double or single bongs

Answer 35

double bonds

Question 35

double bonds in FA are usually .... at every ..... bond

Answer 35

Cis: Third

Question 36

melting point for saturated FA....

Answer 36

as molecular mass increases melting point also increases

Question 37

What type of bonds are free to rotate, very flexible and stackable?

Answer 37

Single C-C bond

Question 38

What bond has minimal steric inference and stronger hydrophobic interactions?

Answer 38

Single C-C- bonds

Question 39

What bonds introduce kinks?

Answer 39

double bonded carbon bonding

Question 40

What is not found in biological membranes?

Answer 40

Triaclyglycerols

Question 41

Triacylglycerols are...

Answer 41

-nonpolar, water-insoluble FA triesters of glycerol - Efficient energy reservoirs in animals - synthesized/stored in adipocytes

Question 42

Hydrophobic a.a. are on the inside or outside?

Answer 42

outside

Question 43

Membrane proteins are ... in aqueous solutions

Answer 43

Insoluble

Question 44

Three types of membrane proteins

Answer 44

Integral peripheral lipid-linked proteins

Question 45

integral proteins are tightly linked via...

Answer 45

Hydrophobic interactions

Question 46

What is a detergent

Answer 46

Agents that separate integral proteins

Question 47

What does the removal of integral proteins do

Answer 47

disrupt the membrane

Question 48

Peripheral proteins are .... by simple treatment

Answer 48

Dissociated

Question 49

Peripheral proteins are ... in aqueous solutions

Answer 49

soluble

Question 50

Which membrane protein can be linked to other proteins?

Answer 50

Peripheral

Question 51

Which protein is anchored to the membrane

Answer 51

Lipid-linked

Question 52

where do lipid-linked proteins generally present

Answer 52

on the inner leaflets of lipid bilayer

Question 53

Glycoproteins are on the...

Answer 53

outer leaflets

Question 54

Which protein is intrinsic and the other is extrinsic

Answer 54

Integral : Peripheral

Question 55

Peripheral proteins interact with the surface through...

Answer 55

Electrostatic and H-bonding

Question 56

Properties of Facilitated Transport

Answer 56

-Spontaneous - Via specific proteins - High selectivity - Sensitive to inhibitors that react react with protein side chains - can be saturated

Question 57

Properties of Active transport

Answer 57

Solutes are " pumped" against electrochemical gradient

Question 58

What are the three main mechanism

Answer 58

- Coupled Carrier - ATP- driven pump -Light- driven pump

Question 59

Coupled carrier??

Answer 59

uphill transport compensated by another solute going down hill

Question 60

What is the ATP pump driven by

Answer 60

ATP hydrolysis

Question 61

what is light-driven pump powered by

Answer 61

Photons

Question 62

what is a uniporter transport

Answer 62

one type of molcecule in one direction

Question 63

What is symporter

Answer 63

Transports 2 solutes in the same direction

Question 64

What is a antiporter

Answer 64

Transports 2 solutes in the opposite direction

Question 65

What are the stimuli for channel proteins

Answer 65

-Change of voltage across the membrane (voltage-gated channel) - Ligand binding (ligand-gated channel) from either outside or inside -Mechanical stress (mechanically-gated/stress-gated channel)

Question 66

how many subunits does k+ channel have

Answer 66

4

Question 67

What charge ion is at the cytoslic end

Answer 67

Negative charged that attract cations

Question 68

What is key to Carbonyl Oxygen key for

Answer 68

precise separation

Question 69

What ion fits in the diameter of the pore by ion filter

Answer 69

K+