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Biology > carbs, lipids and proteins > Flashcards

carbs, lipids and proteins Flashcards

1
Q

anabolism

A

the synthesis of macromolecules from monomers

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2
Q

macromolecules

A

a very large molecules made of smaller molecules joined together

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3
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of macromolecules into monomers

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4
Q

metabolism

A

all the enzyme catalysed reactions in a cell or organism - the balance between anabolism and catabolism

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5
Q

monomer

A

a molecules that can be joined to more of its kind to form a chain called a polymer

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6
Q

polymer

A

a chain of monomers linked together by covalent bonds

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7
Q

polymerisation

A

many monomers joining together to form a polymer

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8
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

a type of reaction where water is required to break macromolecules into their component monomers

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9
Q

condensation reaction

A

a type of reaction where water is released to form their component monomers

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10
Q

carbohydrate

A

an organic molecule where every carbon atom is linked to an H and OH group

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11
Q

monosaccharide

A

a carbohydrate monomer

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12
Q

disaccharide

A

a sugar composed of two monosaccharides, formed by a condensation reaction leading to a glycoside bond

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13
Q

polysaccharide

A

a chain of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides
formed by many condensation reaction leading to many glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

hexose

A

any monosaccharide with six carbons

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15
Q

pentose

A

any monosaccharide with five carbons

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16
Q

triose

A

any three carbon sugar
important in respiration and photosynthesis

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17
Q

ribose

A

pentose sugar found in RNA and ATP

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18
Q

alpha glucose

A

the hexose sugar used in respiration to form ATP

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19
Q

beta glucose

A

the hexose sugar found in cellulose fibres

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20
Q

isomers

A

compounds that contain exactly the same number of atoms but arranged differently

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21
Q

glycosidic bond

A

a covalent bond that joins together 2 sugar molecules via a condensation reaction

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22
Q

maltose

A

disaccharide of 2 glucose molecules
sucrose
disaccharide of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule

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23
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide of one glucose molecule and one galactose molecule

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24
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide of beta glucose, forming a straight chain
makes up cell walls in plants

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25
Q

starch

A

polysaccharide of alpha glucose, forming a helical chain with branches to release glucose monomers

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26
Q

amylose

A

polymer of alpha glucose with a helical structure and 1-4 glycosidic bonds only

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27
Q

amylopectin

A

polymer of alpha glucose with a helical structure and 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds that cause branching

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28
Q

glycogen

A

polysaccharide of alpha glucose, forming a highly branched helical chain
energy store in animals

29
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a long polysaccharide structure with cross linking peptide groups found in bacteria cell walls

30
Q

chitin

A

the cell wall of fungi

31
Q

acetylamino group

A

present in chitin rather than a hydroxyl on carbon 2
allows formation of cross links

32
Q

reducing sugar

A

has a free aldehyde group or a free ketone group

33
Q

colourimetry

A

this refers to the device that measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution

34
Q

calibration curve

A

general method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standard samples of known concentration

35
Q

lipids

A

organic molecules that consist of fatty acids

36
Q

fatty acid

A

chain of carbons with only hydrogen attached and a carboxylic acid group at one end

37
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

no double bonds

38
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

at least one double bond in the carbon chain

39
Q

monounsaturated

A

a fatty acid with double bond in the carbon chain

40
Q

polyunsaturated

A

fatty acid with more than one double bond in the carbon cain

41
Q

hydrogenated

A

fatty acid that has had hydrogens added to it in a chemical process to make it more saturated

42
Q

cis-fatty acid

A

a fatty acid that contains a double bond where the hydrogens attached to the carbons on either side of the bond are on the same side

43
Q

trans-fatty acid

A

a fatty acid that contains a double bond where the hydrogen attached to the carbons on either side of the bond are on opposite sides

44
Q

triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

45
Q

ester bond

A

name of the bond that holds together a fatty acid molecule and glycerol molecule

46
Q

cholesterol

A

molecules that sit between the phospholipid and increase the number of intermolecular forces and therefore reduce the fluidity of the membrane

47
Q

ampsipathic

A

a molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

48
Q

phospholipid

A

an unusual molecule because it is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

49
Q

monolayer

A

single layer of closely packed atoms or molecules

50
Q

bilayer

A

double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules

51
Q

micelles

A

spherical aggregate of molecules in water with hydrophobic areas in the middle and hydrophilic areas outside

52
Q

amino acid

A

monomers that constitute polypeptides

53
Q

peptide bond§

A

the bond formed between 2 amino acids in a polypeptide

54
Q

polypeptide

A

a polymer of amino acids formed by multiple peptide bonds

55
Q

primary structure

A

sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide

56
Q

secondary structure

A

presence of repeating structures:
alpha helices
beta pleated sheet
structures held together by h-bonds between amino and carboxylic groups of amino acids

57
Q

tertiary structure

A

held together by h-bonds, covalent bonds or positive and negative charge attractions between r groups of amino acids

58
Q

quaternary structure

A

overall shape of a protein that consists of more polypeptides, prosthetic groups and co-enzymes

59
Q

globular

A

round protein structure

60
Q

fibrous

A

long and thin protein structure

61
Q

collagen

A

main protein component in connective tissue

62
Q

keratin

A

very tough
rich in cysteine

63
Q

elastin

A

cross linking and coiling makes the protein strong but also extensible

64
Q

insulin

A

protein hormone produced by the pancreas
glucose being transported from blood into cells
lowers blood glucose levels by forming glycogen

65
Q

pepsin

A

protein digesting enzyme

66
Q

glycolipid

A

involved in cell communication and immune response

67
Q

lipoprotein

A

important in the transport of cholesterol in the blood

68
Q

LDL

A

carry more cholesterol

69
Q

HDL

A

remove cholesterol from the blood by transporting to the liver where it is the broken down

Biology (7 decks)

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