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Biology > carbs, lipids and proteins > Flashcards

carbs, lipids and proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

anabolism

A

the synthesis of macromolecules from monomers

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2
Q

macromolecules

A

a very large molecules made of smaller molecules joined together

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3
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of macromolecules into monomers

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4
Q

metabolism

A

all the enzyme catalysed reactions in a cell or organism - the balance between anabolism and catabolism

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5
Q

monomer

A

a molecules that can be joined to more of its kind to form a chain called a polymer

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6
Q

polymer

A

a chain of monomers linked together by covalent bonds

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7
Q

polymerisation

A

many monomers joining together to form a polymer

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8
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

a type of reaction where water is required to break macromolecules into their component monomers

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9
Q

condensation reaction

A

a type of reaction where water is released to form their component monomers

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10
Q

carbohydrate

A

an organic molecule where every carbon atom is linked to an H and OH group

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11
Q

monosaccharide

A

a carbohydrate monomer

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12
Q

disaccharide

A

a sugar composed of two monosaccharides, formed by a condensation reaction leading to a glycoside bond

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13
Q

polysaccharide

A

a chain of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides
formed by many condensation reaction leading to many glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

hexose

A

any monosaccharide with six carbons

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15
Q

pentose

A

any monosaccharide with five carbons

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16
Q

triose

A

any three carbon sugar
important in respiration and photosynthesis

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17
Q

ribose

A

pentose sugar found in RNA and ATP

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18
Q

alpha glucose

A

the hexose sugar used in respiration to form ATP

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19
Q

beta glucose

A

the hexose sugar found in cellulose fibres

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20
Q

isomers

A

compounds that contain exactly the same number of atoms but arranged differently

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21
Q

glycosidic bond

A

a covalent bond that joins together 2 sugar molecules via a condensation reaction

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22
Q

maltose

A

disaccharide of 2 glucose molecules
sucrose
disaccharide of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule

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23
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide of one glucose molecule and one galactose molecule

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24
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide of beta glucose, forming a straight chain
makes up cell walls in plants

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25
starch
polysaccharide of alpha glucose, forming a helical chain with branches to release glucose monomers
26
amylose
polymer of alpha glucose with a helical structure and 1-4 glycosidic bonds only
27
amylopectin
polymer of alpha glucose with a helical structure and 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds that cause branching
28
glycogen
polysaccharide of alpha glucose, forming a highly branched helical chain energy store in animals
29
peptidoglycan
a long polysaccharide structure with cross linking peptide groups found in bacteria cell walls
30
chitin
the cell wall of fungi
31
acetylamino group
present in chitin rather than a hydroxyl on carbon 2 allows formation of cross links
32
reducing sugar
has a free aldehyde group or a free ketone group
33
colourimetry
this refers to the device that measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution
34
calibration curve
general method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standard samples of known concentration
35
lipids
organic molecules that consist of fatty acids
36
fatty acid
chain of carbons with only hydrogen attached and a carboxylic acid group at one end
37
saturated fatty acid
no double bonds
38
unsaturated fatty acid
at least one double bond in the carbon chain
39
monounsaturated
a fatty acid with double bond in the carbon chain
40
polyunsaturated
fatty acid with more than one double bond in the carbon cain
41
hydrogenated
fatty acid that has had hydrogens added to it in a chemical process to make it more saturated
42
cis-fatty acid
a fatty acid that contains a double bond where the hydrogens attached to the carbons on either side of the bond are on the same side
43
trans-fatty acid
a fatty acid that contains a double bond where the hydrogen attached to the carbons on either side of the bond are on opposite sides
44
triglyceride
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
45
ester bond
name of the bond that holds together a fatty acid molecule and glycerol molecule
46
cholesterol
molecules that sit between the phospholipid and increase the number of intermolecular forces and therefore reduce the fluidity of the membrane
47
ampsipathic
a molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
48
phospholipid
an unusual molecule because it is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
49
monolayer
single layer of closely packed atoms or molecules
50
bilayer
double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules
51
micelles
spherical aggregate of molecules in water with hydrophobic areas in the middle and hydrophilic areas outside
52
amino acid
monomers that constitute polypeptides
53
peptide bond§
the bond formed between 2 amino acids in a polypeptide
54
polypeptide
a polymer of amino acids formed by multiple peptide bonds
55
primary structure
sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide
56
secondary structure
presence of repeating structures: alpha helices beta pleated sheet structures held together by h-bonds between amino and carboxylic groups of amino acids
57
tertiary structure
held together by h-bonds, covalent bonds or positive and negative charge attractions between r groups of amino acids
58
quaternary structure
overall shape of a protein that consists of more polypeptides, prosthetic groups and co-enzymes
59
globular
round protein structure
60
fibrous
long and thin protein structure
61
collagen
main protein component in connective tissue
62
keratin
very tough rich in cysteine
63
elastin
cross linking and coiling makes the protein strong but also extensible
64
insulin
protein hormone produced by the pancreas glucose being transported from blood into cells lowers blood glucose levels by forming glycogen
65
pepsin
protein digesting enzyme
66
glycolipid
involved in cell communication and immune response
67
lipoprotein
important in the transport of cholesterol in the blood
68
LDL
carry more cholesterol
69
HDL
remove cholesterol from the blood by transporting to the liver where it is the broken down

Biology (7 decks)

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