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Clinical Chemistry Lecture MIDTERMS > CARBS PT1 > Flashcards

CARBS PT1 Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates are stored primarily where

A

Liver and muscle glycogen

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2
Q

Major energy source

A

Glucose

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3
Q

Storage form of energy

A

Glycogen

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4
Q

Component of cell membranes

A

Glycoprotein

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5
Q

Functional groups of carbs

A

C=O (carbonyl) & -OH (hydroxide) functional groups

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6
Q

Structure/projections of carbs

A

Fischer projection
Haworth projection
Chair conformation

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7
Q

Linear sructure

A

Fischer proj

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8
Q

Shows a cyclic structure as viewed from the side showing the stereochemistry or location of the attached molecules to the monosaccharide ring

A

Haworth proj

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9
Q

Boat type conformation

A

Chair conformation

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10
Q

Classification of carbs

A

Number of sugar units
Size of the base carbon unit
Location of the C=O functional group
Stereochemistry of the compound

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11
Q

simplest forms of sugars and are the
basic units of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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12
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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13
Q

Disaccharides

A

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

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14
Q
  • Type of covalent bond that joins carbohydrate molecule to another group which may or may not be a carbohydrate
  • holds sugar molecules together
A

Glycosidic bonds

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15
Q

Disaccharides are formed by — between two monosaccharides

A

Condensation reactions

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16
Q

Chemical reaction where the disaccharide becomes 2 monosaccharide

A

Hydrolysis

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17
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Raffinose
Stachyose
Verbascose

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18
Q

Chaining of two or ten sugar units

A

Oligosaccharides

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19
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Glycogen, starch, cellulose

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20
Q

Contains only a single type of
monosaccharides

A

Homopolysaccharide

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21
Q

A-glucose

A

Starch
Glycogen

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22
Q

B-glucose

A

Cellulose

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23
Q

Complex carbohydrates which are formed by combining carbohydrates with non-carbohydrates or any its derivatives

A

Heteropolysaccharides

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24
Q

Sugars under heteropolysacchharides

A

Hyaluronic acid
Heparin
Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate’
Keratan sulfate

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25
Q

Sugars under homopolysaccharide

A

Glycogen
Insulin
Cellulose
Dextrin
Starch

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26
Q

a-1,4-glycosidic bond

A

Maltose

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27
Q

b-1,4-glycosidic bond

A

Lactose

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28
Q

a-1,b-2-glycosidic bond

A

Sucrose

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29
Q

Ex of heteropolysaccharides

A

Hepa ChiP

  • heparin
  • chitin
    -pectin
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30
Q

Trioses

A

3 carbons
Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyacetone

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31
Q

Tetroses

A

4 carbons
(Eryth(2)Threo)

  • erythrose
  • erythrulose
  • threose
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32
Q

Pentoses

A

5 carbons
Ribose, ribulose

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33
Q

Hexoses

A

6C
Glucose, fructose, galactose

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34
Q

Smallest carbo

A

Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone (trioses)

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35
Q

2 forms of carbs

A

Aldose and ketose

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36
Q

Functional grp of aldose

A

Aldehyde

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37
Q

Functional grp of ketose

A

Ketone

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38
Q

Carbonyl carbon at the end

A

Aldose

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39
Q

Carbonyl carbon at any other position except terminal end

A

Ketose

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40
Q

Ex of aldose

A

Glucose
Galactose
Mannose
Glyceraldehyde
Ribose

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41
Q

Ex of ketone

A

Fructose
Dihydroxyacetone
Ribuolose

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42
Q

study of the spatial arrangement of an atom

A

Stereochemistry

43
Q

Compounds that have the same chemical formula

A

Isomers

44
Q

isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom

A

Epimers

45
Q

o Optical isomers or stereoisomers
o Pairs of structures that are mirror images of
each other

A

Enantiomers

46
Q

-OH group is on the right side

A

D-sugar (Dextrorotatory)

47
Q

-OH group is on the left side

A

L-sugar (Levorotatory)

48
Q

“—“ refer to second to the last -OH carbon; designated carbon position to refer what enantiomer

A

Penultimate carbon

49
Q

Cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers, differing from each other in
the configuration

A

Anomers

50
Q

Monosaccharide structure with a five- membered ring

A

Furanose

51
Q

Monosaccharide structure with a six- membered ring

A

Pyranose

52
Q

represent cyclic sugars as having essentially planar rings, with the OH at the anomeric C1

A

Haworth projections

53
Q

carbon derived from the carbonyl carbon of the open chain form of your carbohydrate molecule

A

Anomeric carbon

54
Q

-OH below the ring

A

Alpha anomer

55
Q

-OH above the ring

A

Beta anomer

56
Q

anomers can undergo interconversion (from a to B, and vice versa) without energy expenditure or the need for enzymes, in a process called

A

Mutarotation

57
Q

Only — are being absorbed and utilized by the body

A

Monosaccharides

58
Q

what organ carries out most of the digestive processes and absorption of our nutrients

A

small intestine

59
Q

Enzyme that begins initial digestion in the mouth

A

Salivary amylase

60
Q

Basolateral surface faces the

A

Blood capillaries/bloodstream

(BB - basolateral = bloodstream)

61
Q

Apical surface faces the

A

Lumen

(LA - lumen = apical)

62
Q

Luminal side transporters for glucose and galactose (secondary active transport)

“Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 1)

A

SGLT-1

63
Q

Luminal side transporters for fructose (facilitated diff)

A

GLUT-5

64
Q

Basolateral Side Transporters for all types of mono (faci diff)

A

GLUT-

65
Q

finger-like projections termed -, increase the surface area of the lining of the small intestine

A

Villi

66
Q

responsible for the absorption and transport of fats within lymph vessels

A

Lacteal

67
Q

Epithelial layer of small intestine

A

Enterocytes

68
Q

end product of carbohydrate digestion, more specifically polysaccharides.

A

Glucose

69
Q

3 steps of glucose transport process —> bloodstream

STEP 1

A

Step 1: apical side; sodium potassium pump; primary active transport; use ATP = Na out, K in

70
Q

3 steps of glucose transport process —> bloodstream

STEP 2

A

Step 2: basolateral surface; sodium-dependent glucose transporter (symporter) —> sodium & glucose IN the CELL

71
Q

3 steps of glucose transport process —> bloodstream

STEP 3

A

Step 3: apical surface; GLUT-2 facilitated diffusion; glucose OUT of the CELL —> BLOODSTREAM —> glucose to the LIVER via hepatic portal vein

72
Q
  • Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate, or
    lactate for production of energy
  • Well-fed state
A

Glycolysis

73
Q
  • Formation of Glu-6-phosphate from non- carbohydrate sources
  • fasting
A

Gluconeogenesis

74
Q
  • breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy
  • fasting
A

Glycogenolysis

75
Q
  • glucose to glycogen for storage
  • well-fed
A

Glycogenesis

76
Q

Conversion of carbs to fatty acids
- well-fed

A

Lipogenesis

77
Q

Decomposition of fats

A

Lipolysis

78
Q

part of our metabolic process in the body in which it breaks down large and complicated molecules into smaller ones, in order for us to produce or to get energy

A

Catabolism

79
Q

Catabolism STEP 1

A

Breakdown of complex molecules —> building blocks

80
Q

Catabolism STEP 2

A

Building blocks —> conversion to acetyl coenzyme A —> citric acid cycle

81
Q

Catabolism STEP 3

A

Metabolism of acetyl coenzyme A —> CO2 & formation of ATP

82
Q

process of your polysaccharides to be converted to acetyl-CoA, wherein we are able to get ATP

A

Glycolysis

83
Q

Fatty acids undergo — to produce acetyl-coA

A

B-oxidation

84
Q

Brief fast

A

Supply glucose through GLYCOGENOLYSIS (glycogen to glucose from liver)

85
Q

Fast period longer than 1 day

A

Supply glucose through GLUCONEOGENESIS

86
Q

Hormones involved in INCREASING glucose level

A

Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth Hormone
ACTH
Thyroxine

87
Q

Hormones involved in DECREASING glucose level

A

Insulin (main hormone)
Incretins (indirectly)

88
Q

unique hormone which involves both lowering and increasing the glucose level depending on what the body needs

A

Somatostatin

89
Q

Insulin and glucagon are produced in

A

Pancreas

90
Q

major hormone that lowers glucose levels

A

Insulin

91
Q

major hormone that increases glucose
levels

A

Glucagon

92
Q

If our glucose level reached —, pancreas will release insulin

A

> 120 mg/dL

93
Q

Insulin enhances — process

A

Glycogenesis

(Insulin gives signal to the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen; glucose -> glycogen)

94
Q

Glucagon enhances — process

A

Glycogenolysis

(Glycogen—> glucose; breakdown glycogen —> glucose to be released into the bloodstream = correct low blood glucose in body)

95
Q

If our glucose level reached —, pancreas will release glucagon

A

<80 mg/dL (low level of glucose)

96
Q

secrete digestive enzymes that will help in digestion (exocrine; pancreas)

A

Acinar cells

97
Q

secrete your different hormones (endocrine; pancreas)

A

Islets of Langerhans

98
Q

α- cell – alpha cell

A

Glucagon

99
Q

β- cell – beta cell

A

Insulin

100
Q

δ-cell – delta cell

A

Somatostatin

101
Q

PP cells (F cells)

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

102
Q

ε cell – epsilon cell

A

Ghrelin

103
Q

Acinar cells secrete

A

Amylase and lipase enzymes

Clinical Chemistry Lecture MIDTERMS (5 decks)

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