CARBS PT1 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Carbohydrates are stored primarily where
A
Liver and muscle glycogen
2
Q
Major energy source
A
Glucose
3
Q
Storage form of energy
A
Glycogen
4
Q
Component of cell membranes
A
Glycoprotein
5
Q
Functional groups of carbs
A
C=O (carbonyl) & -OH (hydroxide) functional groups
6
Q
Structure/projections of carbs
A
Fischer projection
Haworth projection
Chair conformation
7
Q
Linear sructure
A
Fischer proj
8
Q
Shows a cyclic structure as viewed from the side showing the stereochemistry or location of the attached molecules to the monosaccharide ring
A
Haworth proj
9
Q
Boat type conformation
A
Chair conformation
10
Q
Classification of carbs
A
Number of sugar units
Size of the base carbon unit
Location of the C=O functional group
Stereochemistry of the compound
11
Q
simplest forms of sugars and are the
basic units of carbohydrates
A
Monosaccharides
12
Q
Monosaccharides
A
Glucose, fructose, galactose
13
Q
Disaccharides
A
Maltose, lactose, sucrose
14
Q
- Type of covalent bond that joins carbohydrate molecule to another group which may or may not be a carbohydrate
- holds sugar molecules together
A
Glycosidic bonds
15
Q
Disaccharides are formed by — between two monosaccharides
A
Condensation reactions
16
Q
Chemical reaction where the disaccharide becomes 2 monosaccharide
A
Hydrolysis
17
Q
Oligosaccharides
A
Raffinose
Stachyose
Verbascose
18
Q
Chaining of two or ten sugar units
A
Oligosaccharides
19
Q
Polysaccharides
A
Glycogen, starch, cellulose
20
Q
Contains only a single type of
monosaccharides
A
Homopolysaccharide
21
Q
A-glucose
A
Starch
Glycogen
22
Q
B-glucose
A
Cellulose
23
Q
Complex carbohydrates which are formed by combining carbohydrates with non-carbohydrates or any its derivatives
A
Heteropolysaccharides
24
Q
Sugars under heteropolysacchharides
A
Hyaluronic acid
Heparin
Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate’
Keratan sulfate
25
Sugars under homopolysaccharide
Glycogen
Insulin
Cellulose
Dextrin
Starch
26
a-1,4-glycosidic bond
Maltose
27
b-1,4-glycosidic bond
Lactose
28
a-1,b-2-glycosidic bond
Sucrose
29
Ex of heteropolysaccharides
Hepa ChiP
- heparin
- chitin
-pectin
30
Trioses
3 carbons
Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyacetone
31
Tetroses
4 carbons
(Eryth(2)Threo)
- erythrose
- erythrulose
- threose
32
Pentoses
5 carbons
Ribose, ribulose
33
Hexoses
6C
Glucose, fructose, galactose
34
Smallest carbo
Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone (trioses)
35
2 forms of carbs
Aldose and ketose
36
Functional grp of aldose
Aldehyde
37
Functional grp of ketose
Ketone
38
Carbonyl carbon at the end
Aldose
39
Carbonyl carbon at any other position except terminal end
Ketose
40
Ex of aldose
Glucose
Galactose
Mannose
Glyceraldehyde
Ribose
41
Ex of ketone
Fructose
Dihydroxyacetone
Ribuolose
42
study of the spatial arrangement of an atom
Stereochemistry
43
Compounds that have the same chemical formula
Isomers
44
isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom
Epimers
45
o Optical isomers or stereoisomers
o Pairs of structures that are mirror images of
each other
Enantiomers
46
-OH group is on the right side
D-sugar (Dextrorotatory)
47
-OH group is on the left side
L-sugar (Levorotatory)
48
“—“ refer to second to the last -OH carbon; designated carbon position to refer what enantiomer
Penultimate carbon
49
Cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers, differing from each other in
the configuration
Anomers
50
Monosaccharide structure with a five- membered ring
Furanose
51
Monosaccharide structure with a six- membered ring
Pyranose
52
represent cyclic sugars as having essentially planar rings, with the OH at the anomeric C1
Haworth projections
53
carbon derived from the carbonyl carbon of the open chain form of your carbohydrate molecule
Anomeric carbon
54
-OH below the ring
Alpha anomer
55
-OH above the ring
Beta anomer
56
anomers can undergo interconversion (from a to B, and vice versa) without energy expenditure or the need for enzymes, in a process called
Mutarotation
57
Only — are being absorbed and utilized by the body
Monosaccharides
58
what organ carries out most of the digestive processes and absorption of our nutrients
small intestine
59
Enzyme that begins initial digestion in the mouth
Salivary amylase
60
Basolateral surface faces the
Blood capillaries/bloodstream
(BB - basolateral = bloodstream)
61
Apical surface faces the
Lumen
(LA - lumen = apical)
62
Luminal side transporters for glucose and galactose (secondary active transport)
“Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 1)
SGLT-1
63
Luminal side transporters for fructose (facilitated diff)
GLUT-5
64
Basolateral Side Transporters for all types of mono (faci diff)
GLUT-
65
finger-like projections termed -, increase the surface area of the lining of the small intestine
Villi
66
responsible for the absorption and transport of fats within lymph vessels
Lacteal
67
Epithelial layer of small intestine
Enterocytes
68
end product of carbohydrate digestion, more specifically polysaccharides.
Glucose
69
3 steps of glucose transport process —> bloodstream
STEP 1
Step 1: apical side; sodium potassium pump; primary active transport; use ATP = Na out, K in
70
3 steps of glucose transport process —> bloodstream
STEP 2
Step 2: basolateral surface; sodium-dependent glucose transporter (symporter) —> sodium & glucose IN the CELL
71
3 steps of glucose transport process —> bloodstream
STEP 3
Step 3: apical surface; GLUT-2 facilitated diffusion; glucose OUT of the CELL —> BLOODSTREAM —> glucose to the LIVER via hepatic portal vein
72
- Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate, or
lactate for production of energy
- Well-fed state
Glycolysis
73
- Formation of Glu-6-phosphate from non- carbohydrate sources
- fasting
Gluconeogenesis
74
- breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy
- fasting
Glycogenolysis
75
- glucose to glycogen for storage
- well-fed
Glycogenesis
76
Conversion of carbs to fatty acids
- well-fed
Lipogenesis
77
Decomposition of fats
Lipolysis
78
part of our metabolic process in the body in which it breaks down large and complicated molecules into smaller ones, in order for us to produce or to get energy
Catabolism
79
Catabolism STEP 1
Breakdown of complex molecules —> building blocks
80
Catabolism STEP 2
Building blocks —> conversion to acetyl coenzyme A —> citric acid cycle
81
Catabolism STEP 3
Metabolism of acetyl coenzyme A —> CO2 & formation of ATP
82
process of your polysaccharides to be converted to acetyl-CoA, wherein we are able to get ATP
Glycolysis
83
Fatty acids undergo — to produce acetyl-coA
B-oxidation
84
Brief fast
Supply glucose through GLYCOGENOLYSIS (glycogen to glucose from liver)
85
Fast period longer than 1 day
Supply glucose through GLUCONEOGENESIS
86
Hormones involved in INCREASING glucose level
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth Hormone
ACTH
Thyroxine
87
Hormones involved in DECREASING glucose level
Insulin (main hormone)
Incretins (indirectly)
88
unique hormone which involves both lowering and increasing the glucose level depending on what the body needs
Somatostatin
89
Insulin and glucagon are produced in
Pancreas
90
major hormone that lowers glucose levels
Insulin
91
major hormone that increases glucose
levels
Glucagon
92
If our glucose level reached —, pancreas will release insulin
>120 mg/dL
93
Insulin enhances — process
Glycogenesis
(Insulin gives signal to the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen; glucose -> glycogen)
94
Glucagon enhances — process
Glycogenolysis
(Glycogen—> glucose; breakdown glycogen —> glucose to be released into the bloodstream = correct low blood glucose in body)
95
If our glucose level reached —, pancreas will release glucagon
<80 mg/dL (low level of glucose)
96
secrete digestive enzymes that will help in digestion (exocrine; pancreas)
Acinar cells
97
secrete your different hormones (endocrine; pancreas)
Islets of Langerhans
98
α- cell – alpha cell
Glucagon
99
β- cell – beta cell
Insulin
100
δ-cell – delta cell
Somatostatin
101
PP cells (F cells)
Pancreatic polypeptide
102
ε cell – epsilon cell
Ghrelin
103
Acinar cells secrete
Amylase and lipase enzymes
