Carcinogenesis 2

Question 1

What are the 3 key systems that can become disrupted and can then cause cancer?

Answer 1

• Proto-oncogenes
• Tumor suppressor genes
• Regulators for apoptosis

Question 2

A mutation of a proto-oncogene leads to the creation of what and leads to what?

Answer 2

• Mutations form oncogenes

- Leads to unregulated cell growth

Question 3

What are the different categories of oncogenes?

Answer 3

• Growth factors
• Growth factor receptors
• Signal transducers
• Cell cycle regulators

Question 4

What growth factor is over-expressed in Astrocytoma?

Answer 4

PDGF B

• Platelet Derived Growth Factor B
• Autocrine loop

Question 5

ERBB2 (HER2 neu) (epidermal growth factor) receptor can be amplified to create what kind of cancer?

Answer 5

Breast cancers

Question 6

The RET (neural growth factor receptor) can have a point mutation and lead to what cancers?

Answer 6

• MEN 2A
• MEN 2B
• Sporadic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

Question 7

The KIT (stem cell growth factor) can have a point mutation and lead to what kind of tumour?

Answer 7

GI stromal tumour

Question 8

HER2 (growth factor receptor) +ve breast cancer can be treated with what drug?

Answer 8

Trastuzamab

Question 9

What signal transducers can get mutations and then cause cancer?

Answer 9

• RAS gene family

- ABL

Question 10

The RAS gene family effects what protein?

Answer 10

GTP-binding protein

Question 11

A point mutation in RAS (coding for GTP-binding protein) can lead to what cancers?

Answer 11

• Carcinomas
• Melanoma
• Lymphoma

Question 12

ABL codes for what enzyme?

Answer 12

Tyrosine kinase

Question 13

What kind of mutation affects ABL?

Answer 13

t(9;22) with BCR

Question 14

A mutation of ABL (codes for tyrosine kinase) leads to what cancers?

Answer 14

CML
- Some types of adult ALL

(9;22 translocation w. BCR)

Question 15

What are the nuclear regulators which can mutate and cause cancer?

Answer 15

• c-MYC
• N-MYC
• L-MYC

Question 16

What kind of mutation affects c-MYC?

Answer 16

t(8;14) involving IgH

Question 17

A translocation mutation of c-MYC (transcription factor) leads to what cancer?

Answer 17

Burkitt lymphoma

Question 18

An amplification of N-MYC leads to what cancer?

Answer 18

Neuroblastoma

Question 19

An amplification of L-MYC leads to what cancer?

Answer 19

Small cell Lung Cancer

Question 20

What cell cycle regulators can become mutated and cause cancer?

Answer 20

• CCND1 (cyclin D1)

- CDK4

Question 21

What mutation affects CCND1 (cyclin D1) leading to Mantle Cell Lymphoma?

Answer 21

t(11;14) involving IgH

Question 22

What cell cycle regulator can become mutated to cause Mantle cell lymphoma?

Answer 22

CCND1 (cyclin D1)

- t(11;14) involving IgH

Question 23

What cell cycle regulator can become amplified to cause Melanoma?

Answer 23

CDK4 (cyclin-dependent kinase)

Question 24

What happens with RAS when GF binds to the growth factor receptor?

Answer 24

RAS binds to GTP instead of GDP (bound to in quiescent state)

• RAS-GTP complex allows a message to be sent to nucleus
• RAS take a phosphate off of GTP to become GDP

Question 25

What does GAP do?

Answer 25

Inactivates RAS

- GDP complex not created anymore

Question 26

ALL due to a t(9;22) (tyrosine kinase) is known as what?

Answer 26

Ph+ (Philadelphia chromosome +ve) ALL

Question 27

Burkitt lymphoma is a lymphoma of what cells?

Answer 27

B cells

Question 28

What do the stars and sky represent in the characteristic ‘starry sky’ appearance of Burkitt lymphoma?

Answer 28

• Macrophages consuming dying cells - stars (white)

- Tumor cells / lymphocytes - blue sky

Question 29

What sits on the chromosome 14 and chromosome 8 in the 8, 14 translocation - Burkitt lymphoma?

Answer 29

chromosome 8 - Myc

chromosome 14 - IgH

Question 30

Mantle cell lymphoma is a cancer of what cells?

Answer 30

B cells

Question 31

Mantle cell lymphoma is due to a translocation of what chromosomes?
Where is cyclin D1 located
Where is igH located?

Answer 31

11 and 14

• 11: Cyclin D1
• 14: IgH