Cardiac

Question 1

Where does the heart sit?

Answer 1

in the mediastinum which is the area between the lungs

Question 2

Superior

Answer 2

base

Question 3

inferior

Answer 3

apex

Question 4

what is the function of the azygous vain?

Answer 4

carries blood from walls of upper abdomen and upper lower back back to heart.
drain tissue between the lungs

Question 5

What is the heart enclosed in?

Answer 5

sac called the pericardium

Question 6

what are the 3 layers of the heart?

Answer 6

– Epicardium- External membrane
• visceral pericardium
– Endocardium- endothelium
– Myocardium- cardiac muscle

Question 7

what does a septum separate?

Answer 7

separates the right and left sides
of the heart, this is called the atrial and
ventricular septum

Question 8

What do valves separate?

Answer 8

separate the atria from the ventricle

Question 9

Right A-V valve

Answer 9

tricuspid

Question 10

Left A-V valve

Answer 10

bicuspid

Question 11

pulmonary valve

Answer 11

opening into Pulmonary
artery

Question 12

aortic valve

Answer 12

opening into the aorta

Question 13

What are the four chamber of the heart?

Answer 13

– Right Atrium
– Left Atrium
– Right Ventricle
– Left Ventricle

Question 14

right and left atria

Answer 14

— two superior, posterior
chambers
— receive blood returning to
heart

Question 15

right and left ventricles

Answer 15

— two inferior chambers
— pump blood into arteries

Question 16

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 16

Pumps venous (deoxygenated) blood to the
lungs

Question 17

Systemic circuit

Answer 17

Pumps (oxygenated) blood to the rest of the
body

Question 18

pulmonary artery

Answer 18

Artery that carries “VENOUS” (deoxygenated)
blood

Question 19

pulmonary vein

Answer 19

Vein that carries “ARTERIAL” (oxygenated)
blood

Question 20

does cardiac muscle require aerobic respiration?

Answer 20

Yes,Because of this, the heart does not fatigue
easily. Downside is, the heart is very
sensitive to limitation of the oxygen supply

Question 21

Where does the heart get its metabolic blood supply from?

Answer 21

The left and right coronary arteries, which
are the first branches off the aorta as it
leaves the heart.
• Compromise of this blood flow is called
coronary artery disease (CAD)

Question 22

What is Ischemia?

Answer 22

Not enough Oxygen being delivered to the
tissue.

Question 23

What is the result of ischemia?

Answer 23

If prolonged, the oxygen starved tissue dies
(necrosis or infarction)

Question 24

Is ischemia reversible?

Answer 24

Ischemia is reversible, necrosis
(infarction) is not

Question 25

What is the cardiac conduction system?

Answer 25

cardiac conduction system is a path of myocytes that are auto-rhythmic and conduct action potentials.

Question 26

what is an action potential?

Answer 26

a wave of depolarization

Question 27

What 3 waves are produced during the cardiac cycle?

Answer 27

P wave, QRS complex and T wave

Question 28

P Wave

Answer 28

caused by atrial depolarization

Question 29

QRS Complex

Answer 29

caused by ventricular depolarization

Question 30

T Wave

Answer 30

results from ventricular repolarization

Question 31

what is systole?

Answer 31

ventricular contraction

Question 32

what is diastole?

Answer 32

ventricular relaxation

Question 33

What is normal sinus rhythm?

Answer 33

set by SA node at 60 – 100 bpm •adult at rest is 70 to 80 bpm (vagal inhibition)

Question 34

What is arrhythmia?

Answer 34

abnormal cardiac rhythm, anything that is not NSR

Question 35

what is tachycardia?

Answer 35

resting adult HR above 100 •stress, anxiety, drugs, heart disease or rise body temp.

Question 36

what is bradycardia?

Answer 36

resting adult HR < 60 •in sleep and endurance trained athletes

Question 37

What is an infants HR?

Answer 37

120 bpm or more

Question 38

what is pulse?

Answer 38

surge of pressure in artery

Question 39

do positive chronotropic agents raise or lower HR?

Answer 39

raise HR

Question 40

do negative chronotropic agents raise or lower HR?

Answer 40

lower HR

Question 41

cardiac center of medulla oblongota

Answer 41

an autonomic control center with two neuronal pools: a cardioacceleratory center (sympathetic), and a cardioinhibitory center (parasympathetic)

Question 42

Cardioacceleratory center

Answer 42

stimulates sympathetic cardiac nerves to SA node, AV node and myocardium

Question 43

what does norepinephrine bind to?

Answer 43

-adrenergic receptors in the heart (positive chronotropic effect)

Question 44

Cardioinhibitory center

Answer 44

stimulates vagus nerves

Question 45

what does the left vagus nerve secrete?

Answer 45

secretes ACH (acetylcholine) which binds to muscarinic receptors

Question 46

vagal tone

Answer 46

background firing rate holds HR to sinus rhythm of 70 to 80 bpm

Question 47

what is the lubb-dubb sound called?

Answer 47

auscultation

Question 48

when does the Lubb sound occur?

Answer 48

S1 = closing of AV valves

Question 49

When does the Dubb sound occur?

Answer 49

S2= closing of aortic and pulmonic valves, and reopening of AV valves

Question 50

what is the period between S1 and S2 is called?

Answer 50

Systole (higher BP)- ventricular ejection

Question 51

What is the amount of blood ejected called?

Answer 51

stroke volume

Question 52

what is normal stroke volume?

Answer 52

70mL

Question 53

The interval from S2 to the next S1 is called?

Answer 53

– Diastole (lower BP)- ventricular filling

Question 54

what is cardiac output?

Answer 54

Amount ejected by ventricle in 1 minute

Question 55

cardiac output equation

Answer 55

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

Question 56

what is normal cardiac output?

Answer 56

about 4 to 6L/min at rest

Question 57

what is world class athlete cardiac output?

Answer 57

35 L/min

Question 58

what is cardiac reserve

Answer 58

difference between a persons maximum and resting CO raises with fitness decreases with disease

Question 59

what is the frank starling law of the heart?

Answer 59

The greater amount of blood volume returning to the heart (preload) during diastole (the relaxed phase) the greater the amount of blood volume ejected out of the heart (stroke volume) during the systolic(contraction phase).

Question 60

True or false:stretch increases force of contraction

Answer 60

true

Question 61

what are the three factors governing stroke volume?

Answer 61

1.Preload (venous return) 2.Contractility (force of heart muscle) 3.Afterload (resistance from blood pressure) ex. increased preload or contractility causes higher stroke volume increased afterload causes decreases stroke volume

Question 62

what is preload?

Answer 62

Amount of tension in ventricular myocardium before it contracts (venous return parallels preload) increased preload causes increased force of contraction

Question 63

what is ejection fraction?

Answer 63

The percentage of the blood leaving the ventricle versus the percentage staying

Question 64

ejection fraction equation

Answer 64

Ejection frac. = Stroke Volume / EDV (70/120= .58)

Question 65

what is normal resting heart?

Answer 65

60%

Question 66

what is normal active heart?

Answer 66

90%

Question 67

what are some positive inotropic agents?

Answer 67

— hypercalcemia, catecholamines, glucagon, digitalis

Question 68

what are some negative inotropic agents?

Answer 68

— hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia

Question 69

what is inotropy?

Answer 69

Contraction force for a given preload

Question 70

preload is the _____ of cardiac output

Answer 70

ally

Question 71

afterload is the _____ of cardiac output

Answer 71

enemy

Question 72

what is normal HR?

Answer 72

70

Question 73

what is normal SV?

Answer 73

70

Question 74

what is normal CO?

Answer 74

70x70 or 4,900 mL

Question 75

true or false?Things that increase cardiac output, increase cardiac work

Answer 75

true

Question 76

Pulmonary edema- Left side failure

Answer 76

fluid accumulates in pulmonary tissue

Question 77

Systemic edema: Right sided Failure

Answer 77

fluid accumulates in systemic tissue