endocrine system

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

Chemical messengers secreted into the blood
stream, act on cells far away

Question 2

Neurotransmitters

Answer 2

Released by nerves to affect cells

Question 3

target organ cells

Answer 3

Cells acted on by hormones

Question 4

endocrine glands

Answer 4

secrete chemicals(hormones) into the blood

Question 5

what type of control do hormones perform?

Answer 5

slower longer lasting type of control

Question 6

nonsteroid hormones

Answer 6

(first messengers) bind to receptors on the target cell mambrane

Question 7

steroid hormones

Answer 7

bind to receptors within the target cell nucleus

Question 8

negative feedback

Answer 8

mechanisms that
reverse the direction of a change in a
physiological system

Question 9

positive feedback

Answer 9

(less common)
mechanisms that amplify physiological
changes

Question 10

hypersecretion

Answer 10

secretion of an excess of
hormone

Question 11

hyposecretion

Answer 11

insufficient hormone
secretion

Question 12

target cell insensitivity

Answer 12

produces results similar to hyposecretion

Question 13

what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland store?

Answer 13

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

Question 14

what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

Answer 14

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Growth hormone (GH)
• Prolactin (lactogenic hormone)

Question 15

Thyroid hormone

Answer 15

controls metabolic rate, alertness, bone growth, growth of skin, hair, teeth, nails, fetal nervous system. Also feeds back to the pituitary to secrete growth hormone

Question 16

parathyroid glands

Answer 16

regulates calcium metabolism
hormone: parathyroid hormonencreases blood
calcium concentration by increasing the
breakdown of bone (by osteoclasts) with
the release of calcium into the blood

Question 17

thyroid gland

Answer 17

hormones: Thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin- Stimulates osteoblasts

Question 18

calcitonin

Answer 18

decreases the blood calcium
concentration by inhibiting breakdown of
bone, which would release calcium into the
blood

Question 19

hyperthyroidism

Answer 19

(hypersecretion of thyroid
hormones) increases metabolic rate
– Characterized by restlessness and
exophthalmos (protruding eyes)
– Graves’ disease is an inherited form of
hyperthyroidism

Question 20

hypothyroidism

Answer 20

(hyposecretion of thyroid
hormones)
– May result from different conditions
– Simple goiter—painless enlargement of
thyroid caused by dietary deficiency of iodine
– Hyposecretion during early development may
result in impaired cognitive development, and
during adulthood in myxedema (characterized
by edema and sluggishness)

Question 21

adrenal gland

Answer 21

medulla makes epinephrine,
cortex makes mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids,
and sex hormones

Question 22

adrenal cortex

Answer 22

Secretes mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids,
and sex hormones
– Under control of hypothalamus and
pituitary

Question 23

adrenal medulla

Answer 23

Secretes epinephrine, norepineprine(help the body resist stress by intensifying and prolonging the
effects of sympathetic stimulation)– Under control of Autonomic nervous
system

Question 24

three layers of adrenal glands

Answer 24

Outer layer—secretes mineralocorticoids
• Middle layer—secretes glucocorticoids
• Inner layer—secretes sex hormones

Question 25

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 25

increase blood sodium and decrease body potassium concentrations by accelerating kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium

Question 26

Glucocorticoids

Answer 26

Act with epinephrine and norepinephrine to produce an anti-inflammatory effect, to bring about normal recovery from inflammations of various kinds • Produce anti-immunity, anti-allergy effectSecretion of glucocorticoid quickly increases when the body is thrown into a condition of stress

Question 27

pancreas

Answer 27

Pancreas is mainly an exocrine digestive gland. However, it is also and endocrine gland.

Question 28

islets

Answer 28

The endocrine cells called islet or islands of Langerhan that make insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

Question 29

insulin

Answer 29

from beta cells – Hypoglycemic hormone – LOWERS blood sugar

Question 30

glucagon

Answer 30

from alpha cells – Stimulates breakdown of fat, proteins – RAISES blood sugar

Question 31

somatostatin

Answer 31

inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion

Question 32

diabetes

Answer 32

Type 1 results from hypo-secretion of insulin – Type 2 results from target cell insensitivity to insulin