Cardiac Flashcards
What conditions are closely related and often coexist, exacerbating cardiovascular disease?
Ischaemic Heart Disease, Hypertension, and Atherosclerosis.
What are two complications of Ischaemic Heart Disease?
Angina and Acute Myocardial Infarction.
What types of medications are used to increase cardiac oxygenation?
Medications such as nitrates and beta-blockers.
What medications are commonly prescribed to manage heart failure?
Medications such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and aldosterone antagonists.
What is the definition of heart failure?
Insufficient ejection of blood leading to inadequate perfusion.
What renal consequences arise from poor cardiac output?
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), leading to increased blood volume and vasoconstriction.
What respiratory consequences arise from left heart failure?
Pulmonary congestion, edema, and impaired gas exchange.
What are the clinical consequences of right heart failure?
Peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly.
What is the normal blood volume in proportion to body size?
Approximately 8% of body weight, or 70 mL/kg.
What is the definition of hypertension?
Consistent elevation of systemic blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg.
What are some common risk factors for hypertension?
Increased age, chronic stress, high dietary sodium intake, atherosclerosis, and diabetes.
What are some chronic complications of hypertension?
Left ventricular hypertrophy, vascular events, stroke, and renal complications.
What is atherosclerosis?
Deposition of lipids within blood vessel walls, leading to thickening and impairment of oxygen delivery.
What are some common risk factors for atherosclerosis?
yslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, increasing age, and menopause.
