Cardiac

Question 1

Cardiac arrest causes

Answer 1

Hypoxaemia 
Hypovolaemia 
Hypo/perthermia
Hypo/hyperkalaemia And other metabolic conditions
Thrombosis 
Tension pneumothorax 
Toxins
Tamponade

Question 2

Adrenaline Action

Answer 2

• sypathomimetic
• stimulates aloha and beta receptors in sympathetic nervous system

Alpha

• peripheral Vaso constriction
• increase bp
• increase vital organ perfusion during Cardiac arrest

Beta1 - increase myocardial excitation and contractility

Beta 2 - bronchodilation

Question 3

Describe cardiogenic shock

Answer 3

• inability of the heart to adequately pump and therefore to perfume tissues (pump failure)
• manifests when 40% of functional myocardium is lost

Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue perfusion due to “pump failure”. Common causes include myocardial infarction, dysrhythmias, pericardial tamponade or terminal stage of any chronic heart disease. With cardiogenic shock the neck veins are usually distended. If the neck veins are not distended consider hypovolaemia as a possible cause of shock.

Question 4

Lower cardiac output will trigger what compensatory actions

Answer 4

Renin aldosterone ADH

Catecholamine compensatory release

Question 5

What are SADs?

Answer 5

Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome

Group of genetic heart conditions that can cause death in young, otherwise healthy people. Thought to be a result of fatal dysrhythmia.

Question 6

List the SADs syndromes

Answer 6

• Burgada syndrome
• catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPTV) (abnormally fast during exercise)
• long QT syndrome
• short QT syndrome
• Timothy syndrome
• Wolff Parkinson white syndrome

Question 7

CPTV

Answer 7

Catecholeminergic polymorphic vt

• abnormal reaction to sympathetic response
• tested during exercise

Question 8

Burgada syndrome

Answer 8

Ecg must have Burgada sign and clinical symptoms

Genetic mutation affecting sodium channels

Diagnostic criteria
Coved >2mm st segment in more than one of v1-3 followed by negative t wave

Along with other symptoms

Question 9

Wolf Parkinson white (bundle of Kent)

Answer 9

WPW syndrome is a combination of a congenital accessory pathway and episodes of tachyarrhythmia

Caused by early activation (pre excitation) of the ventricles due to impulses bypassing the AV mode via accessory pathway

Question 10

Diagnostics of WPWs

Answer 10

In NSR

• short PR interval (<0.12s)
• delta wave - slurring slow rise of initial portion of QRS
• QRS prolongation >0.11sec
• st segment and t wave discordant changes

Question 11

Pericarditis

Answer 11

Inflammatory process of the pericardium

Signs and symptoms

• chest pain
• fever, malaise, chills
• Pericardial friction rub
• ecg changes MI mimics

ST elevation (usually concave) in all leads but V1 and aVR

Question 12

Cardiac Tamponade

Answer 12

Pericardial effusion leading to compressing the heart

• increased intracardiac pressure
• decrease ventricular diastolic filling
• decreases stroke volume
• decreased cardiac volume

Question 13

What is Becks Triad

Why is it important

Answer 13

Muffled heart sounds
Jugular vein distension
Hypotension

Diagnose cardiac tamponade