Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology Review (Exam 1) Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
The heart is located in the _______________ (a retrosternal cavity between lungs)
A
mediastinum
2
Q
The heart extends obliquely from the _____ rib to the ______ intercostal space
A
2nd, 5th
3
Q
The heart is oriented towards what side of the sternum?
A
left
4
Q
The heart is in between what?
A
the lungs
5
Q
The heart is anterior to what?
A
-vertebral bodies
-trachea and main stem bronchi (T5/T6)
-esophagus
6
Q
The heart is posterior to what?
A
sternum
7
Q
The heart sits on what?
A
diaphragm
8
Q
What nerve transverses the pericardium?
A
phrenic n.
9
Q
Which valve is found at the right 2nd intercostal space?
A
aortic
10
Q
Which valve is found at the left 2nd intercostal space?
A
pulmonic
11
Q
Which valve landmark is found at the left 3rd intercostal space?
A
erb’s point
12
Q
What is erbs point?
A
point at the base of the heart where all the valves are heard
13
Q
What valve is found at the left 4th intercostal space?
A
tricuspid
14
Q
What valve is found at the left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line?
A
mitral
15
Q
The midsection base of the heart is found at what level?
A
left 3rd intercostal space
16
Q
The apex/point of maximum impulse of the heart is found at what level?
A
left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line
17
Q
What is the posterior border of the heart?
A
left atrium and ventricle
18
Q
What is the right border of the heart?
A
right atrium
19
Q
What is the left border of the heart?
A
left ventricle
20
Q
What is the inferior border of the heart?
A
right ventricle
21
Q
What is the anterior border of the heart?
A
primarily right ventricle
22
Q
A double walled sac that encloses the heart and roots of the great vessels
A
pericardium
23
Q
What are the 2 types of pericardium?
A
1) fibrous
2) serous
24
Q
What is the outermost layer of pericardium?
A
fibrous pericardium
25
What is fibrous pericardium composed of?
dense fibrous CT
26
Which pericardium anchors the heart to surrounding structures?
fibrous pericardium
27
Which pericardium prevents overfilling of the heart?
fibrous pericardium
28
Which pericardium secretes serous fluid?
serous pericardium
29
The pericardial cavity is a potential space between the 2 layers of the ___________________ that contains pericardial fluid which functions to lubricate and reduce friction between the heart and its surrounding structures
serous pericardium
30
Which pericardium is one continuous sheet of serous tissue that folds back on itself creating 2 layers?
serous pericardium
31
What are the 2 types of serous pericardium?
1) parietal
2) visceral
32
Which pericardium lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium?
parietal pericardium
33
What is the innermost layer of pericardium?
visceral pericardium
34
Which pericardium is analogous to the epicardium (same thing- just distinguishes heart from lungs)?
visceral pericardium
35
Which pericardium lies directly on the surface of the heart?
visceral pericardium
36
What is the outer surface of the heart (analogous to the visceral pericardium)?
epicardium
37
What is the muscular layer of the heart and has contractibility?
myocardium
38
What is the innermost layer of the heart, lines the chambers and valve structures, and is composed of endothelial cells?
endocardium
39
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
RA, RV, LA, LV
40
Which heart chamber (think general) receives blood, is thin walled, and separated by a septum?
atria
41
Which heart chamber (think general) propels blood, has thick muscular walls, and is separated by a septum?
ventricles
42
Which heart chamber (think general) is the main pumping chamber of the heart and contains trabeculae carnae and papillary muscles?
ventricles
43
Which heart chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the IVC, SVC, and coronary sinus?
right atrium
44
Which heart chamber received oxygenated blood from the 4 pulmonary veins?
left atrium
45
Which heart chamber is responsible for pulmonary circulation via pulmonary artery/trunk?
right ventricle
46
Which heart chamber is responsible for systemic circulation via aorta?
left ventricle
47
When are the AV valves open?
during diastole/ventricular filling
48
Which valves close with systole/ventricular contraction and creates the S1/lub heart sound?
AV valves
49
Which valves prevent back flow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during contraction?
AV valves
50
Chordae tendinae (heart strings) tether the valve leaflets to the papillary muscles on the ventricle walls to prevent inversion of the ___________ valves during contraction
AV
51
What is another name for the R AV valve?
tricuspid valve
52
What is another name for the L AV valve?
mitral valve or bicuspid valve
53
Which valves are located at the base of the arteries leaving the ventricles?
semilunar valves
54
Which valves open with elevated ventricular pressure during systole/ventricular contraction?
semilunar valves
55
Which valves close with diastole and creates the S2/dub heart sound?
semilunar valves
56
What is another name for the right semilunar valve?
pulmonic valve
57
What is another name for the left semilunar valve?
aortic valve
58
Incoming blood vessels from the body=
IVC and SVC
59
Incoming blood vessels from the heart=
coronary sinus
60
Incoming blood vessels from the lungs=
the 4 pulmonary veins
61
Exiting blood vessels to the body=
aorta
62
Exiting blood vessels to the lungs=
pulmonary trunk/artery
63
What are the 3 veins that bring blood back to the heart?
IVC, SVC, and coronary sinus
64
Blood leaves the right atrium via the
tricuspid valve (R AV valve to enter the RV)
65
Blood leaves the right ventricle via the
pulmonic semilunar valve to the pulmonary artery
66
By the way of the pulmonary artery, blood travels to the ________ where it is oxygenated
lungs
67
Oxygenated blood returns to the _____________ via the right and left pulmonary veins
left atrium
68
Blood leaves the left atrium via the
mitral valve (L AV valve) to the LV
69
Blood leaves the left ventricle via the
aortic semilunar valve to the aorta and out to the body
70
The first branch off of the aorta is to the __________ arteries feeding the heart first
coronary
71
What is this system called? Automaticity or auto rhythmicity (inherent electrical activity of the heart)
conduction system
72
What is the pathway of the conduction system?
SA node -> AV node-> bundle of his -> R/L bundle branches -> purkinje fibers
73
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
74
Parasympathetic NS keeps normal resting HR for SA node around
70 bpm
75
Which node is located in the posterior superior RA?
SA node
76
Blood supply of the SA node comes from the
right coronary artery
77
Which node is located at the inferior intra-atrial septum?
AV node
78
Which node can serve as a secondary pacemaker?
AV node
79
There is a normal delay of conduction here to allow the atria to completely empty
AV node
80
The R/L bundle branches are located along where?
the interventricular septum
81
-specialized myocytes that conduct the impulse
-they do not contract
-subendocardial
purkinje fibers
82
What does the sympathetic NS do to the heart?
1) increase heart rate
2) increase contractility
3) conduction velocity
83
Which ANS branch innervates T1-T4?
sympathetic
84
What happens to the heart if theres damage to the sympathetic NS?
bradycardia
85
Which ANS branch is innervated by vagus nerve?
parasympathetic NS
86
What happens to the heart if the vagus nerve is damaged?
tachycardia
87
systole = ventricular ____________
contraction
88
diastole = ventricular _____________
relaxation/filling
89
filling a ballon with air is like
diastole/preload of heart
90
Thumb holding the ballon filled with air is like
afterload/systole
91
Volume of blood pumped out of the LV during systole is called
stroke volume (SV)
92
Stroke volume is determined by what?
1) preload
2) contractility
3) afterload
93
EDV-ESV=
SV
94
SV X HR=
cardiac output (CO)
95
Volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute is called
cardiac output (CO)
96
chronotropic= relating to the
heart rate
97
inotropic= relating to
contractility
98
Amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole is called
end diastolic volume (EDV)
99
Amount of blood in the ventricle after ventricular contraction is called
end systolic volume (ESV)
100
Filling pressure in the ventricles at the end of diastole or ventricular stretch at the end of diastole is called
preload or left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP)
101
-the ventricular pressure required to eject blood out of the heart
-systemic vascular resistance (systolic BP)
-the resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve
afterload
102
HR less than 60 bpm=
bradycardia
103
HR greater than 100 bpm=
tachycardia
104
stenosis=
narrowing
105
ischemia=
hypoxia to tissue secondary to hypoperfusion
106
Infarction=
tissue death secondary to prolonged ischemia/lack of perfusion
107
A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is called
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
108
Atrial depolarization on an ECG is called a
P wave
109
A P wave indicates that the ______ node is working
SA
110
On an ECG, what reflects the pause in conduction at the AV node?
PR segment
111
On an ECG, what is the flat line between the end of the P wave and the start of the QRS complex called?
PR segment
112
From the onset of the P wave to the onset of the QRS complex is called
PR interval
113
On an ECG, what represents the time between atrial depolarization and the start of ventricular depolarization?
PR interval
114
How long is a normal PR interval?
0.12-0.2 seconds
115
What on an ECG represents ventricular depolarization?
QRS complex
116
What is the horizontal segment of the baseline following the QRS complex called?
ST segment
117
What on an ECG represents the initial phase of ventricular repolarization?
ST segment
118
Should a normal ST segment be depressed, flat, or elevated?
flat
119
What on an ECG represents ventricular repolarization?
T wave
120
What on an ECG is the start of ventricular filling/diastole?
T wave
121
What on an ECG begins with the QRS complex until the end of the T wave?
QT interval
122
What on an ECG includes both depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles?
QT interval
123
Normal heart rhythm is _______ rhythm
sinus
(you will see P waves before every QRS)
124
What are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle?
1) atrial contraction/systole + ventricular filling/ diastole
2) ventricular systole
3) ventricular diastole
