Valvular Heart Disease (Exam 1)

Question 1

What are the 2 AV valves?

Answer 1

1) R AV valve also known as tricuspid valve
2) L AV valve also known as mitral valve

Question 2

What are the 2 semilunar valves?

Answer 2

1) right pulmonic semilunar valve
2) left aortic semilunar valve

Question 3

What valves are open during lub/S1?

Answer 3

aortic/ pulmonic valves

Question 4

What valves are closed during lub/S1?

Answer 4

AV valves

Question 5

Where does the lub/S1 sound come from?

Answer 5

closure of AV valves

Question 6

What valves are open during dub/S2?

Answer 6

AV valves

Question 7

What valves are closed during dub/S2?

Answer 7

aortic/pulmonic valves (semilunar valves)

Question 8

Where does the dub/S2 heart sound come from?

Answer 8

closure of aortic/pulmonic valves

Question 9

Stenosis creates an outflow obstruction when valves are

Answer 9

open

Question 10

Valve insufficiency is also known as

Answer 10

regurgitation

Question 11

Valve insufficiency is back flow of blood through a ___________ valve

Answer 11

closed

Question 12

Prolapse is a form of insufficiency or stenosis?

Answer 12

insufficiency

Question 13

Abnormal heart sounds that occur due to turbulent blood flow over a diseased valve

Answer 13

heart murmurs

Question 14

diastolic murmurs occur during ventricular __________

Answer 14

filling

Question 15

During diastolic murmurs, what valves are open?

Answer 15

R/L AV valves

Question 16

During diastolic murmurs, what valves are stenotic?

Answer 16

tricuspid or mitral

Question 17

During diastolic murmurs, what valves are closed?

Answer 17

aortic and pulmonic semilunar valves

Question 18

During diastolic murmurs, what valves are insufficient/regurg?

Answer 18

aortic or pulmonic semilunar valves

Question 19

Systolic murmurs are during ventricular ______________

Answer 19

contraction

Question 20

During systolic murmurs, what valves are open?

Answer 20

aortic and pulmonic semilunar valves

Question 21

During systolic murmurs, what valves are stenotic?

Answer 21

aortic or pulmonic semilunar valves

Question 22

During systolic murmurs, what valves are closed?

Answer 22

AV valves

Question 23

During systolic murmurs, what valves are insufficient/regurg?

Answer 23

tricuspid or mitral valve

Question 24

What diagnostic test shows structure and function in real time?

Answer 24

echocardiogram

Question 25

What diagnostic test shows the speed and direction of blood flow during an echo?

Answer 25

doppler

Question 26

What is the most commonly diseased valve?

Answer 26

mitral valve

Question 27

What is the 2nd most commonly diseased valve?

Answer 27

aortic valve

Question 28

99% of cases of ________ stenosis are due to rheumatic heart disease (post strep autoimmune complication)

Answer 28

mitral

Question 29

Murmur is heard at the apex of the heart and may radiate to the axila

Answer 29

mitral stenosis or regurg (depends on if its during diastole or systole, respectively)

Question 30

What are some causes of mitral regurg?

Answer 30

-mitral valve prolapse -rheumatic fever -infective endocarditis -ischemia (papillary muscle rupture from MI)

Question 31

-elevated pressure and volume in the left ventricle -decreased CO -back up of blood in pulmonary system (pulmonary edema) -left atrial enlargement (LAE)

Answer 31

mitral stenosis

Question 32

Backward flow of blood from LV to LA during systole resulting in decreased CO

Answer 32

mitral regurg

Question 33

What is the most common cause of mitral valve regurg and has autonomic dysfunction (hyperadrenergic syndrome)?

Answer 33

mitral valve prolapse

Question 34

What are the other names for mitral valve prolapse?

Answer 34

-myxomatous valve disease -myxomatous degeneration

Question 35

The valve bulges backward into the atria like a parachute during ventricular contraction sometimes allowing blood to leak backwards into LA

Answer 35

mitral valve prolapse

Question 36

Mitral valve prolapse is associated with what connective tissue disorders?

Answer 36

1) EDS 2) marfan syndrome 3) scoliosis 4) pectus excavatum

Question 37

Systolic murmur at the apex of heart with a mid systolic click

Answer 37

mitral valve prolapse

Question 38

Aortic stenosis is usually due to age related ___________ changes from wear and tear, but can also be secondary to congenital bicuspid aortic valve

Answer 38

calcific

Question 39

-increased LV afterload -decreased CO -left sided heart failure -higher afterload and increased LV systolic pressure leads to LV hypertrophy -LV hypertrophy leads to decreased filling and congestion in the lungs, which leads to right sided high afterload and right sided heart failure

Answer 39

aortic stenosis

Question 40

-left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic heart failure -apex of heart will deviate -loud systolic ejection murmur at right 2nd intercostal space (during S1) radiates to the carotids

Answer 40

aortic stenosis

Question 41

Reflux of blood from the aorta to the LV during diastole

Answer 41

aortic regurg

Question 42

-acute causes: bacterial endocarditis, aortic dissection, trauma -rapid increase in LVEDV causes acute left sided heart failure and can lead to cardiogenic shock and death

Answer 42

acute aortic regurg

Question 43

-heart function is initally within normal limits but over time decreases -gradual increase in the preload and LVEDV leads to LV hypertrophy which leads to left sided heart failure

Answer 43

chronic aortic regurg

Question 44

-waterhammer pulse (rapid upstroke and descent) -diastolic murmur in right 2nd intercostal space -murmur during S2

Answer 44

aortic regurg

Question 45

Obstructed blood flow from the RV to the lungs via the pulmonary artery results in high RV afterload, RV hypertrophy, diastolic filling problem, and right sided heart failure

Answer 45

pulmonary stenosis

Question 46

systolic murmur at left 2nd intercostal space during S1

Answer 46

pulmonary stenosis

Question 47

Blood from pulmonary artery enters the RV and results in RV hypertrophy and right sided heart failure

Answer 47

pulmonary regurg

Question 48

Diastolic murmur in L 2nd intercostal space during S2

Answer 48

pulmonary regurg

Question 49

Who is most likely to get tricuspid valve disease?

Answer 49

IV drug users

Question 50

Diastolic murmur in L 4th intercostal space

Answer 50

tricuspid stenosis

Question 51

Systolic murmur in L 4th intercostal space

Answer 51

tricuspid regurg