Cardiac function chapter 26 Flashcards
upper chambers
atria
lower chambers
ventricles
- thicker muscle
- higher pressure because it must pump blood to all of the body tissues
left side
serves the lower-resistance pulmonary system
right side
period when the ventricles contract and eject blood.
systole
- the period between contractions
- twice as long as systole, allows the heart muscle to relax and its chambers to fill with blood.
diastole
uses potassium, sodium, and calcium to generate a electrical impulse that determines the rate at which the heart beats. It is called the “pacemaker” of the heart.
SA node
-refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute.
-approximately 3.5-8 L per minute.
=Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
Cardiac output
the number of times the heart beats each minute
Heart rate
refers to the amount of blood the heart ejects with each beat
stroke volume
normal rate of newborn 130-160 bpm and rhythm is commonly irregular.
HR of less than 100 is cause for concern.
-in infant 80-150 bpm
-blood pressure is not routinely assessed but the systolic is in the low 40’s in newborns and 80-90 by 1 months
newborns and infants
- 70-110 bpm.
- After age 3 BP should be assessed if the childs BP is above the 95 percentile a follow-up evaluation should be done for HTN.
toddler and preschooler
- boys have slightly higher BP than girls
- by age 19 the BP should have stabilized
- 120/80, 60-80 bpm
child and adolescent
- likely to experience calcification, fatty degeneration and diminished elasticity of the blood vessels.
- BP and HR may be slightly higher.
adult and older adult
factors that cannot be altered such as age, gender and heredity.
non-modifiable risk factors
factor that can be altered such as smoking, diet, inactivity, diabetes, stress.
modifiable risk factors
- most commonly occurs in individuals who are middle-aged, overweight or obese, and live a sedentary lifestyle.
- Can also be caused by changes in sodium excretion in the kidneys or in changes in calcium absorption.
hypertension
a genetic metabolic disorder involving diabetes, HTN, atherosclerosis, centrally distributed obesity, and elevated blood lipids.
metabolic syndrome (syndrome X)
a decrease in blood flow where portions of the heart muscle can die
(MI) Myocardial infarction
is an insufficient supply of blood to an organ, usually due to a blocked artery.
-manifestations include pain and organ dysfunction,
ischemia
limb pain caused by poor blood flow.
intermittent claudication
a temporary decreases in blood flow to the brain caused by thrombi, atherosclerosis, or cerebral hemorrhage.
-brief disturbances of speech, vision, and mobility; confusion, and numbness on one half of the body.
TIA (transient ischemic attack)
complete lack of blood flow to specific areas of the brain causes tissue infarction.
stroke (CVA)
myoglobin, CK-MB, troponin. BNP is another lab that is used to diagnose heart failure.
- these are drawn when there is a suspected MI.
cardiac biomarkers
