Cardiac Pathology Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the characteristic symptoms of CoA?
heart murmur
high BP in arms, low BP in legs
How does one divide cyanotic geart disease
decreased pumonary flow (ToF, TA, univentricular heart + pulmonary stenosis) vs increaded pulmonary flow (TGA, TAPVR)
What are the four features of ToF?
ps, rvh, overriding aorta, vsd
What is tricuspid atresia?
Tricuspid atresia is a lack of tricuspid valve, which causes decreased pulmonary artery flow
What syndromes can feature AVSD
Down syndrome
How can one subdivide non-cyanotic heart lesions?
left-to-right shunting vs.
The most common cyanotic heart defect?
Tetralogy of Fallot (7-10% of all CHDs)
What step of cardiac development in the embryo is theorized to be responsible for Tetralogy of Fallot?
Malalignment of upper part of conal septum
If the pulmonary obstruction is mild in Tetralogy of Fallot, what can possibly happen in the neonate?
The neonate may not have immediate cyanosis.
How can you fix a tet spell?
Squatting kinks the femoral artery, increases the systemic arterial pressure, building up backpressure that will reach the left ventricle, increasing left ventricular pressure, thereby temporarily reversing right-to-left shunting.
Where is the most common site of PS?
infundibulum, just in front of the pulmonary valve
How can the body compensate for pulmonary artery stenosis?
Multiple aorto-pulmoary collateral arteries (MAPCA) can offset pulmonary artery pressure
How will O2 therapy help treat Tet spells
Cause pulmonary vasodilation and systemic vasoconstriction
Between DTGA and LTGA, which is more common?
DTGA (aorta is to the right and in front of the pulmonary artery and no inversion of the ventricles) is more common.
Why is DTGA more problematic?
The aorta is connected to the right ventricle, which carries deoxygenated blood, so deoxygenated blood is getting circulated throughout systemic circulation, which is incompatible with life.
Why is a shunt necessary for the survival in TGA?
The venous and arterial circulations will be otherwise segregated, leading to no systemic perfusion, thereby impending
How does one fix DTGA?
arterial switch - put each great vessel in its rightful vebtricle
atrial switch - a baffle, or a tunnel, is created between the atria, this isn’t done often
In TA, what goes wrong in cardiac development?
neural crests don’t migrate during development of cardiac outflow tract, leaving the two great vessels connected.
In which CHD is a patent DuA beneficial?
DTGA
For which valvular diseases are rheumatic heart disease the most common etiology?
mitral valve stenosis, tricuspid valve stenosis
What is Ebstein’s Anomaly?
When the tricuspid valve is moved towards apex more than normal
Which 3 conditions must be satisfied for infective bacterial endocarditis to occur on the heart valve?
- Valve surface must be rough, easy to adhere to
- Bacteria involved in infection take advantage of ease of adherence to valve.
- Some of the bacteria on the valve surface survive the initial infection, and can propagate infected vegetations
Which cardiomyopathy type is associated with septal antefior motion (SAM)?
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What does the degree of perixardial tamponade depend on?
the time elapsed during filling
