Cardiac Pharmacology 2 (SUDWEEKS) Flashcards by Gavin Kallabat

All of the following are defects outside the heart that can potentially cause heart failure EXCEPT:

A. Coronary artery diseaes

B. Pulmonary hypertension

C. Diabetes

D. Valve deficiency

E. All of the above are defects outside of the heart

D. Valve deficiency

note: valve deficiency is another cause for heart failure but occurs within the heart

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Which of the following is used to accelerate cardiac conduction in treating heart muscle failure?

A. Inotropic drugs

B. Chronotropic drugs

C. Dromotropic drugs

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

C. Dromotropic drugs

Inotropic = Force

Chromotropic = Rate

Dromotropic = Conduction velocity

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Which of the following is used to increase heart rate?

A. Inotropic drugs

B. Chronotropic drugs

C. Dromotropic drugs

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

B. Chronotropic drugs

Inotropic = Force

Chromotropic = Rate

Dromotropic = Conduction velocity

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Which of the following is used to increase the force of myocardial contraction?

A. Inotropic drugs

B. Chronotropic drugs

C. Dromotropic drugs

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A. Inotropic drugs

Inotropic = Force

Chromotropic = Rate

Dromotropic = Conduction velocity

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Beta-blockers:

A. Decrease heart rate

B. Decrease pressure

C. Decrease metabolic demand

D. C and D

E. All of the above

Beta-blockers:

decrease heart rate
decrease pressure
decrease metabolic demand

Diuretics:

decrease pressure
decrease metabolic demand

Vasodilators:

decrease pressure
decrease metabolic demand

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Diuretics:

A. Decrease heart rate

B. Decrease pressure

C. Decrease metabolic demand

D. C and D

E. All of the above

D. C and D

Beta-blockers:

decrease heart rate
decrease pressure
decrease metabolic demand

Diuretics:

decrease pressure
decrease metabolic demand

Vasodilators:

decrease pressure
decrease metabolic demand

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Vasodilators:

A. Decrease heart rate

B. Decrease pressure

C. Decrease metabolic demand

D. C and D

E. All of the above

D. C and D

Beta-blockers:

decrease heart rate
decrease pressure
decrease metabolic demand

Diuretics:

decrease pressure
decrease metabolic demand

Vasodilators:

decrease pressure
decrease metabolic demand

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Beta-blockers work on which of the following receptors?

A. beta1

B. beta2

C. alpha1

D. alpha2

A. beta1

Beta-blockers = “olol”

note: Beta-blockers block sympathetic stimulation of the heart by working on the beta1 receptor. Beta1 receptors are associated with Epi and NE

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What do Cardiac glycoside drugs treat and what are the 2 drugs we need to remember?

Congestive heart failure

Digoxin and Digitalis

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Which of the following is a cardiac glycoside used to treat congestive heart failure?

A. Digoxin

B. Tolvaptan

C. Ranolazine

D. Simvastatin

E. Fenofibrate

A. Digoxin

Cardiac glycoside = Digoxin and Digitalis

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Which of the following is a cardiac glycoside used to treat congestive heart failure?

A. Simvastatin

B. Tolvaptan

C. Ranolazine

D. Digitalis

E. Fenofibrate

D. Digitalis

note: cardiac glycosides block the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase

cardiac glycosides = Digoxin and Digitalis

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Which of the following blocks the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase?

A. Simvastatin

B. Tolvaptan

C. Ranolazine

D. Digitalis

E. Fenofibrate

D. Digitalis

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Which of the following is used to block the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase?

A. Beta-blockers

B. Cardiac glycosides

C. ACE inhibitors

D. ANG II blockers

B. Cardiac glycosides

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Which of the following is used to treat congestive heart failure?

A. Beta-blockers

B. Cardiac glycosides

C. ACE inhibitors

D. ANG II blockers

B. Cardiac glycosides

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All of the following are used to treat Acute heart failure EXCEPT:

A. Tolvaptan

B. Dopamine

C. Milrinone

D. Nesiritide

E. Ranolazine

Acute heart failure tx:

Dobutamine
Dopamine
Inamrinone, Milrinone, Vesnarinone
Nesiritide
Tolvaptan

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All of the following are phosphodiesterase III inhibitors EXCEPT:

A. Inamrinone

B. Milrinone

C. Tolvaptan

D. Vesnarinone

E. All of the above are phosphodiesterase III inhibitors

C. Tolvaptan

note: phosphodiesterase III inhibitors all end in “rinone”

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Which of the following is a catecholamine?

A. Dobutamine

B. Dopamine

C. Inamrinone

D. Nesiritide

E. Tolvaptan

B. Dopamine

Dobutamine = Beta1 agonist

Dopamine = catecholamine

Inamrinone = phosphodiesterase III inhibitor

Nesiritide = atrial natriuretic peptide agonist

Tolvaptan = vasopressin receptor antagonist

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Which of the following is a Beta1 agonist?

A. Dobutamine

B. Dopamine

C. Inamrinone

D. Nesiritide

E. Tolvaptan

A. Dobutamine

Dobutamine = Beta1 agonist

Dopamine = catecholamine

Inamrinone = phosphodiesterase III inhibitor

Nesiritide = atrial natriuretic peptide agonist

Tolvaptan = vasopressin receptor antagonist

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Which of the following is a vasopressin receptor antagonist?

A. Dobutamine

B. Dopamine

C. Inamrinone

D. Nesiritide

E. Tolvaptan

Dobutamine = Beta1 agonist

Dopamine = catecholamine

Inamrinone = phosphodiesterase III inhibitor

Nesiritide = atrial natriuretic peptide agonist

Tolvaptan = vasopressin receptor antagonist

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Which of the following is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor?

A. Dobutamine

B. Dopamine

C. Inamrinone

D. Nesiritide

E. Tolvaptan

C. Inamrinone

Dobutamine = Beta1 agonist

Dopamine = catecholamine

Inamrinone = phosphodiesterase III inhibitor

Nesiritide = atrial natriuretic peptide agonist

Tolvaptan = vasopressin receptor antagonist

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Which of the followingm is an Atrial natriuretic peptide agonist?

A. Dobutamine

B. Dopamine

C. Inamrinone

D. Nesiritide

E. Tolvaptan

D. Nesiritide

Dobutamine = Beta1 agonist

Dopamine = catecholamine

Inamrinone = phosphodiesterase III inhibitor

Nesiritide = atrial natriuretic peptide agonist

Tolvaptan = vasopressin receptor antagonist

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Antianginal drugs include all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Calcium channel blockers

B. Beta-blockers

C. ACE inhibitors

D. Vasodilators

E. Antiplatelet drugs

C. ACE inhibitors

Antianginal drugs:

Ca²⁺ channel blockers
Beta-blockers
Vasodilators
Antiplatelet drugs
Lipid lowering drugs

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Which of the following is antianginal drug that blocks late Na⁺ and K_IRcurrents?

A. Ranolazine

B. Tolvaptan

C. Aspirin

D. Clopidogrel

E. Tirofiban

A. Ranolazine

Which of the following is an Antiplatelet drug that blocks the activation of platelets by inhibiting ADP receptor?

A. Ranolazine

B. Tolvaptan

C. Aspirin

D. Clopidogrel

E. Tirofiban

D. Clopidogrel

ADP receptor inhibitors = Clopidogrel and Prasugrel

Glycoprotein receptor inhibitors = Abciximab, Eptifibatide, Tirofiban

Blocks late Na+ and KIR currents = Ranolazine

Which of the following is an Antiplatelet drug that **blocks platelet aggregation** by **inhibiting glycoprotein receptors**? A. Ranolazine B. Tolvaptan C. Aspirin D. Clopidogrel E. Tirofiban

E. Tirofiban ADP receptor inhibitors = Clopidogrel and Prasugrel Glycoprotein receptor inhibitors = Abciximab, Eptifibatide, Tirofiban Blocks late Na+ and KIR currents = Ranolazine

Which of the following is an Antiplatelet drug that blocks platelet aggregation by inhibiting glycoprotein receptors? A. Ranolazine B. Abciximab C. Aspirin D. Clopidogrel E. Tolvaptan

B. Abciximab ADP receptor inhibitors = Clopidogrel and Prasugrel Glycoprotein receptor inhibitors = Abciximab, Eptifibatide, Tirofiban Blocks late Na+ and KIR currents = Ranolazine

All of the following are Antiplatelet drugs that is a GPIIb-IIIa **glycoprotein receptor inhibitor** EXCEPT: A. Abciximad B. Eptifibatide C. Tirofiban D. Tolvaptan E. All of the above are glycoprotein receptor inhibitors

D. Tolvaptan ADP receptor inhibitors = Clopidogrel and Prasugrel Glycoprotein receptor inhibitors = Abciximab, Eptifibatide, Tirofiban Blocks late Na+ and KIR currents = Ranolazine

All of the following are ADP receptor inhibitors EXCEPT: A. Clopidogrel B. Prasugrel C. Ranolazine D. All of the above are ADP receptor inhibitors

C. Ranolazine **ADP receptor inhibitors** = Clopidogrel and Prasugrel **Glycoprotein receptor inhibitors** = Abciximab, Eptifibatide, Tirofiban **Blocks late Na⁺ and K_IR currents** = Ranolazine

All of the following are true regarding **Ranolazine** EXCEPT: A. prolongs ventricular AP B. improves contractile dysfunction C. blocks late Na⁺ K_IR currents D. All of the above are true

D. All of the above are true

Which of the following are used to treat high LDL levels? A. Statins B. Fibrates C. Statins and Fibrates D. None of the above

A. Statins Statins = high LDL Fibrates = high VLDL

Which of the following are used to treat high VLDL levels? A. Statins B. Fibrates C. Statins and Fibrates D. None of the above

B. Fibrates Statins = high LDL Fibrates = high VLDL

Which of the following is used to treat a patient with high LDL and VLDL levels? A. Statins B. Fibrates C. Statins and Fibrates D. None of the above

C. Statins and Fibrates Statins = high LDL Fibrates = high VLDL

Which of the following types of dyslipidemia have **elevated LDL only**? A. Type I dyslipidemia B. Type IIa dyslipidemia C. Type IIb dyslipidemia D. Type III dyslipidemia E. Type IV dyslipidemia

B. Type IIa dyslipidemia Type IIa = LDL Type IIb = LDL and VDL Type III = VLDL Type IV = VLDL

Which of the following types of dyslipidemia have elevated **LDL and VLDL**? A. Type I dyslipidemia B. Type IIa dyslipidemia C. Type IIb dyslipidemia D. Type III dyslipidemia E. Type IV dyslipidemia

C. Type IIb dyslipidemia Type IIa = LDL Type IIb = LDL and VDL Type III = VLDL Type IV = VLDL

Which of the following types of dyslipidemia have elevated **VLDL only**? A. Type I dyslipidemia B. Type IIa dyslipidemia C. Type IIb dyslipidemia D. Type III dyslipidemia E. Type IV dyslipidemia

D. Type III dyslipidemia Type IIa = LDL Type IIb = LDL and VDL Type III = VLDL Type IV = VLDL

Which of the following drugs is used to treat **Type IIa** dyslipidemia? A. Statins B. Fibrates C. Statins and Fibrates D. none of the above

A. Statins Statins = Type IIa Statin and Fibrates = Type IIb Fibrates = Type III, IV and V

Which of the following drugs is used to treat **Type IIb** dyslipidemia? A. Statins B. Fibrates C. Statins and Fibrates D. none of the above

C. Statins and Fibrates Statins = Type IIa Statin and Fibrates = Type IIb Fibrates = Type III, IV and V

Which of the following drugs is used to treat **Type III** dyslipidemia? A. Statins B. Fibrates C. Statins and Fibrates D. none of the above

B. Fibrates Statins = Type IIa Statin and Fibrates = Type IIb Fibrates = Type III, IV and V

Which of the following drugs is used to treat **Type IV** dyslipidemia? A. Statins B. Fibrates C. Statins and Fibrates D. none of the above

B. Fibrates Statins = Type IIa Statin and Fibrates = Type IIb Fibrates = Type III, IV and V

Which of the following drugs is used to treat **Type V** dyslipidemia? A. Statins B. Fibrates C. Statins and Fibrates D. none of the above

B. Fibrates Statins = Type IIa Statin and Fibrates = Type IIb Fibrates = Type III, IV and V

Which of the following is an **HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors**? A. Statins B. Fibrates C. Ezetimibe D. Cholestyramine

A. Statins Statins = HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Fibrates = Clofibrate, Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil Ezetimibe = cholesterol absorption inhibitor Bile Acid Sequestrants = Cholestyramine, Colesevelam, Colestipol

Which of the following activate PPAR nuclear receptor? A. Statins B. Fibrates C. Ezetimibe D. Cholestyramine

B. Fibrates Statins = HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Fibrates = Clofibrate, Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil Ezetimibe = cholesterol absorption inhibitor Bile Acid Sequestrants = Cholestyramine, Colesevelam, Colestipol

Which of the following **inhibits cholesterol absorption** and is usually used as an adjunct with other drugs? A. Statins B. Fibrates C. Ezetimibe D. Cholestyramine

C. Ezetimibe Statins = HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Fibrates = Clofibrate, Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil Ezetimibe = cholesterol absorption inhibitor Bile Acid Sequestrants = Cholestyramine, Colesevelam, Colestipol

All of the following are Fibrates EXCEPT: A. Clofibrate B. Fenofibrate C. Gemfibrozil D. Cholestyramine

D. Cholestyramine Statins = HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Fibrates = Clofibrate, Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil Ezetimibe = cholesterol absorption inhibitor Bile Acid Sequestrants = Cholestyramine, Colesevelam, Colestipol

Which of the following are Bile Acid Sequestrants? A. Clofibrate B. Simvistatin C. Gemfibrozil D. Cholestyramine

All of the following are Bile Acid Sequestrants EXCEPT: A. Cholestyramine B. Colesevelam C. Colestipol D. Gemfibrozil E. All of the above are Bile Acid Sequestrants

D. Gemfibrozil Statins = HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Fibrates = Clofibrate, Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil Ezetimibe = cholesterol absorption inhibitor Bile Acid Sequestrants = Cholestyramine, Colesevelam, Colestipol

All of the following are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors EXCEPT: A. Simvastatin B. Lovastatin C. Atorvastatin D. Ezetimibe E. All of the following are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

D. Ezetimibe Statins = HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Fibrates = Clo**fibr**ate, Feno**fibr**ate, Gem**fib**rozil Ezetimibe = cholesterol absorption inhibitor Bile Acid Sequestrants = **Chole**styramine, **Cole**sevelam, **Cole**stipol

Which of the following has bulky resins that are unpalatable and often cause diarrhea? A. Statins B. Fibrates C. Bile Acid Sequestrants D. Cholesterol absorption inhibitors

C. Bile Acid Sequestrants Bile Acid Sequestrants = Cholestyramine, Colesevelam, Colestipol

All of the following are true recarding **Nicotinic Acid** (**Niacin**) EXCEPT: A. inhibits VLDL secretion B. increases HDL C. decreases LDL D. decreases HDL E. All of the above are true

D. decreases HDL note: Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) is used as an **adjunct when a statin is contraindicated (liver disease)**

What do PCSK9 inhibitors do?

Inhibition of **PCSK9** leadss to recycling of liver LDL receptors and **removal of more cholesterol**

(T/F) **Alirocuman** and **Evolocumab** are newly approved drugs that are less safe to use than statins in patients with liver disease.

False Correct statement: They are safer to use than statins on pts w/ liver disease. note: Alirocu**mab** and Evolocu**mab** are monoclonal antibodies that are really expesive

Prophylactic antiobiotics are indicated in which of the following? A. Previous myocardial infarction (heart attack) B. Pts with cardiac pacemakers C. History of endocarditis D. Mitral valve prolapse E. Previous coronary artery bypass surgery

C. History of endocarditis Prophylactic antibiotics are **contraindicated** in: * Previous myocardial infarction (heart attack) * Pts with cardiac pacemakers * Mitral valve prolapse * Previous coronary artery bypass surgery * innocent heart murmurs

What heart conditions are contraindications for use of prophylactic antibiotics? (pre-medicated before dental tx)

Premedication is contraindicated in: * previous MI (heart attack) * cardiac pacemakers * mitral valve prolapse * previous coronary artery bypass surgery * innocent heart murmur

Discuss each of the following regarding prophylactic prevention of bacterial endocarditis: * Standard regimen * Penicillin allergy * IV or IM medications for pts who can't take medication orally * What antibiotic has a 10% risk of cross-allergy with penicillin?

Prophylaxis Standard regimen: **amoxicillin** Penicillin allergy: **Clindamycin**, **cephalexin** and azithromycin IM or IV medications: **Cefazolin**, **Ceftriaxone** or Ampicillin * **Cephalasporins** have a 10% risk of cross-allergy with penicillin

What are the indications for Prophylaxis before a dental appt?

**Indications** for Prophylaxis: * heart valve surgery * hx of endocarditis * heart transplant * cyanotic congenital heart disease

What are the two medications that are PCSK9 inhibitors?

Alicrocumab, Evolocumab