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Integrated Systems (Cardiac) > Cardio Physiology (REYNOLDS) > Flashcards

Cardio Physiology (REYNOLDS) Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss periodontal disease and heart health:

A
  • Studies suggest the toothbrush as a weapon against heart attacks, strokes and other heart disease conditions
  • Studies suggest that oral health, and gum disease in particular, are related to serious conditions like heart disease
  • People with periodontal disease are almost twice as likely to have coronary artery disease
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2
Q

(T/F)

People with periodontal disease are almost twice as likely to have coronary artery disease.

A

True

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3
Q

How long do you have to wait for dental tx after a heart attack?

A

6 months for extensive dental tx

note: you dont need to wait to have a dental cleaning

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4
Q

Which of the followng is Myocardium?

A

The one on the left

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Which of the following impact the rate of heart contractions?

A. Hypertrophy

B. Inotropy

C. Chronotropy

D. Dromotropy

A

C. Chronotropy

Inotropy = force of heart contractions

Chronotropy = rate of heart contractions

Dromotropy = conduction velocity

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7
Q

Which of the following impact the force of heart contractions?

A. Hypertrophy

B. Inotropy

C. Chronotropy

D. Dromotropy

A

B. Inotropy

Inotropy = force of heart contractions

Chronotropy = rate of heart contractions

Dromotropy = conduction velocity

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8
Q

Which of the following impact the conduction velocity of heart contractions?

A. Hypertrophy

B. Inotropy

C. Chronotropy

D. Dromotropy

A

D. Dromotropy

Inotropy = force of heart contractions

Chronotropy = rate of heart contractions

Dromotropy = conduction velocity

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9
Q

Which of the following refers to abnormal rhythm?

A. Tachycardia

B. Bradycardia

C. Arrhythmia

D. Dysrhythmia

A

D. Dysrhythmia

Arrhythmia = NO rhythm

Dysrhythmia = Abnormal rhythm

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10
Q

What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells?

  • Which one controls and coordinates heartbeat?
  • Which one produces contractions that propel blood?
A

Conducting system cells: controls and coordinates heartbeat

Contractile cells: produce contractions that propel blood

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11
Q

What are the 5 components of the conducting system in the heart?

(list them in order of fastest firing rate to slowest)

A
  1. SA node:
  • “pacemaker”
  • in wall of right atrium
  • highest firing rate
  • automacity
  1. Internodal pathways
  2. AV node
    * there is an important delay in AV node
  3. AV bundles
  4. Bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibers
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12
Q

Discuss what prepotential is in regards to th conducting system of the heart:

A

Prepotential is spontaneous depolarization and is the reason why there is automacity of the heart. Bc of prepotential the heart can contract w/o neural stimulation

  • ONLY found in cardiac muscle
  • skeletal muscles do not have a prepotential
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13
Q

Why is th SA node referred to as the pacemaker?

A. because it is the first one in the conducting system

B. has a smaller prepotential

C. has the highest rate of firing

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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14
Q

________ is the reason for the automacity of heart contractions.

A

Prepotential (spontaneous depolarization)

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15
Q

If the SA node didn’t functin but everything else was functioning, what would the heart rate be?

A

Slower bc the heart is now relying on the AV valve

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16
Q

What property does the prepotential gradient give the heart that skeletal muscle doesn’t possess?

A

Automacity- can contract w/o neural stimulation

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17
Q

The cardiac cycle begins with an action potential at _______.

A. AV node

B. SA node

C. Purkinje fibers

D. AV bundle

A

B. SA node

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18
Q

Which of the following is the first to contract in the cardiac cycle?

A. atria

B. ventricles

A

A. atria

note: after the atria contract, contraction will begin at the apex of the ventricles (think about squeezing toothpaste)

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19
Q

Which of the following is true in regards to cardiac and skeletal muscle?

A. Only skeletal muscle has a rapid depolarization

B. Cardiac muscle has a shorter absolute refractory period

C. Cardiac muscle has a much longer refractory period

D. Skeletal muscle contraction is dictated by extracellular calcium

A

C. Cardiac muscle has a much longer refractory period

note: cardiac muscle has a much longer refractory period due to a plateau caused by L-type (slow) Ca2+ channels that are “leaky”

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20
Q

What is the reason why a plateau occurs in cardiac muscle contraction?

A

L-type Ca2+ channels that are extremely slow

note: L-type Ca2+ channels are what bring extracellular Ca2+ into the cardiac muscle cells

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21
Q

Which of the following is true regarding cardiac muscle cell contraction?

A. majority of the Ca2+ involved in contraction come from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

B. half of the Ca2+ involved in contraction come from the extracellular matrix (ECM)

C. half of the Ca2+ involved in contraction come from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

D. majority of the Ca2+ involved in contraction comes from the extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

D. majority of the Ca2+ involved in contraction comes from the extracellular matrix (ECM)

note: majority of the Ca2+ involved in skeletal muscle contraction comes from the SR

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22
Q

Which of the following is true?

A. Skeletal muscle depends mainly on intracellular calcium sources (SR)

B. Myocardium depends mainly on extracellular calcium through L-type Ca2+ channels

C. Smooth muscle depends mainly on extracellular calcium

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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23
Q

Discuss the 3 steps involved in myocardium muscle contraction:

  1. Rapid depolarization
  2. The plateau
  3. Repolarization
A

Rapid depolarization:

  • cause: Na+ entry
  • duration: rapid
  • ends with: closure of Na+ channels

The Plateau:

  • cause: Ca2+ entry
  • duration: very slow
  • ends with: closure of slow calcium channels

Repolarization:

  • cause: K+ loss
  • duration: medium
  • ends with: closure of slow K+ channels
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24
Q

Why is a long absolute refractory period important in cardiac muscle contraction?

A

prevents tetany (spasms)

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25
Q

The _______ is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next.

A

Cardiac cycle

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26
Q

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Systole = contraction

Diastole = relaxation

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27
Q

Discuss the phases of the cardiac cycle in respect to the chambers and valves:

  • Beginning of Atrial systole
  • End of atrial systole
  • 1st phase of ventricular systole
  • 2nd phase of ventricular systole
  • Early ventricular diastole
  • Late ventricular diastole
A

Cardiac Cycle

Beginning of Atrial Systole:

  • atrial contraction forces a small amount (70%) of blood into ventricles
  • Ventricles are in diastole
  • ALL AV valves are open
  • Semilunar valves are closed

End of Atrial Systole:

  • Semilunar valves remain closed
  • EDV (end diastolic volume): ventricles are full of blood at this point

1st Phase of Ventricular Systole:

  • Ventricular contraction pushes the AV valves closed —> “Lub” sound

2nd Phase of Ventricular Systole:

  • As ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected out of the heart
  • You reach ESV (still a little blood in ventricles)

Early Ventricular Diastole:

  • pressure in ventricles drops
  • blood flows back against the cusps of the semilunar vales and force them closed —> “Dub” sound
  • blood flows into the relaxed atria

Late Ventricular Diastole:

  • All chambers are relaxed
  • AV valves reopen and process starts over again
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28
Q

EDV (end-diastolic volume) refers to the maximum amount of blood in the ventricles and occurs at which of the following steps of the cardiac cycle?

A. Beginning of atrial systole

B. End of atrial systole

C. 1st phase of ventricular systole

D. 2nd phase of ventricular systole

E. Early ventricular diastole

A

B. End of atrial systole

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29
Q

Which of the following steps of the cardiac cycle does the “Lub” sound occur?

A. Beginning of atrial systole

B. End of atrial systole

C. 1st phase of ventricular systole

D. 2nd phase of ventricular systole

E. Early ventricular diastole

A

C. 1st phase of ventricular systole

note: the “Lub” sound comes from the AV valves closing
note: the “Dub” sound comes from the semilunar valves closing

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30
Q

Which of the following steps of the cardiac cycle does the “Dub” sound occur?

A. Beginning of atrial systole

B. End of atrial systole

C. 1st phase of ventricular systole

D. 2nd phase of ventricular systole

E. Early ventricular diastole

A

E. Early ventricular diastole

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31
Q

Which of the following steps of the cardiac cycle do we reach ESV (end-systolic volume)?

A. Beginning of atrial systole

B. End of atrial systole

C. 1st phase of ventricular systole

D. 2nd phase of ventricular systole

E. Early ventricular diastole

A

D. 2nd phase of ventricular systole

EDV = end of atrial systole

ESV = end of ventricular systole

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32
Q

All of the following are true regarding the beginning of atrial systole EXCEPT:

A. AV valves are closed

B. Semilunar valves are closed

C. AV valves open

D. Ventricles are relaxed

A

A. AV valves are closed

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33
Q

All of the following are true regarding the end of atrial systole EXCEPT:

A. AV valves close

B. Atrial diastole begins

C. Semilunar valves are closed

D. EDV reached

E. Semilunar valves open

A

E. Semilunar valves open

note: at the end of atrial systole the AV valves close making the “Lub” sound and at this point ALL VALVES ARE CLOSED

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34
Q

All of the following are true regarding the first phase of ventricular systole EXCEPT:

A. AV valves are open

B. Semilunar valves are closed

C. AV valves are closed

D. Atria are relaxed

A

A. AV valves are open

35
Q

All of the following are true regarding the first phase of ventricular systole EXCEPT:

A. Semilunar valves are closed

B. Semilunar valves open

C. AV valves are closed

D. Atria are relaxed

A

B. Semilunar valves open

note: in the second phase of ventricular systole, ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in thee arteries which pushes the semilunar valves open

36
Q

All of the following are true regarding the second phase of ventricular systole EXCEPT:

A. Semilunar valves are closed

B. Semilunar valves open

C. AV valves are closed

D. Atria are relaxed

A

A. Semilunar valves are closed

37
Q

All of the following are true regarding early ventricular diastole EXCEPT:

A. Semilunar valves closed

B. Semilunar valves open

C. AV valves are closed

D. Atria are relaxed

A

B. Semilunar valves open

note: as ventricles relax in early ventricular diastole, pressure in the ventricles drop; blood flows back against cusps of semilunar valves and forces them closed making the “Dub” sound

38
Q

All of the following are true regarding late ventricular diastole EXCEPT:

A. Semilunar valves are closed

B. Semilunar valves open

C. AV valves open

D. Atria are relaxed

E. Ventricles are relaxed

A

B. Semilunar valves open

note: ALL chambers are relaxed

39
Q

(T/F)

Blood pressure in any chamber rises during systole and falls during diastole.

A

True

40
Q

(T/F)

Blood flows from low to high pressure, is controlled by timing of contractions and is directed by one-way valves.

A

False

Correct statement: Blood flows from high to low pressure, is controlled by timing of contractions and is directed by one-way valves.

41
Q

Closing of the semilunar valves makes which of the following sounds?

A. “Lub”

B. “Dub”

C. “Scrub”

D. “Crud”

A

B. “Dub”

AV valves = “Lub”

Semilunar valves = “Dub”

42
Q

Closing of the AV valves makes which of the following sounds?

A. “Lub”

B. “Dub”

C. “Scrub”

D. “Crud”

A

A. “Lub”

AV valves = “Lub”

Semilunar valves = “Dub”

43
Q

Maximum ventricular volume is referred to as:

A. EDV (end-diastolic volume)

B. ESV (end-systolic volume)

C. SV (Stroke volume)

D. Ejection fraction

A

A. EDV (end-diastolic volume)

EDV = max ventricular volume

ESV = ventricular volume after contraction cycle

SV = amount pushed out of heart after contraction

Ejection fraction = the percentage of EDV represented by SV

44
Q

________ is the amount pushed out of the heart after contraction.

A. EDV (end-diastolic volume)

B. ESV (end-systolic volume)

C. SV (Stroke volume)

D. Ejection fraction

A

C. SV (Stroke volume)

REMEMBER THIS EQUATION: SV = EDV - ESV

EDV = max ventricular volume

ESV = ventricular volume after contraction cycle

SV = amount pushed out of heart after contraction

Ejection fraction = the percentage of EDV represented by SV

45
Q

_______ is the perventage of EDV represented by SV.

A. EDV (end-diastolic volume)

B. ESV (end-systolic volume)

C. SV (Stroke volume)

D. Ejection fraction

A

D. Ejection fraction

EDV = max ventricular volume

ESV = ventricular volume after contraction cycle

SV = amount pushed out of heart after contraction

Ejection fraction = the percentage of EDV represented by SV

46
Q

The ventricular volume after a contraction cycle is referred to as __________.

A. EDV (end-diastolic volume)

B. ESV (end-systolic volume)

C. SV (Stroke volume)

D. Ejection fraction

A

B. ESV (end-systolic volume)

EDV = max ventricular volume

ESV = ventricular volume after contraction cycle

SV = amount pushed out of heart after contraction

Ejection fraction = the percentage of EDV represented by SV

47
Q

What is the equation for Cardiac Output (CO)?

A

CO = HR x SV

CO = mL/min

HR = beats/min

SV = mL/beat

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

48
Q

________ is the volume pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute.

A

Cardiac Output

CO = HR x SV

49
Q

What is the equation for Stroke Volume?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

50
Q

All of the following are factors effecting Cardiac Output (CO) EXCEPT:

A. Autonomic innervation

B. Hormones

C. EDV

D. ESV

E. All of the above effect cardiac output

A

E. All of the above effect cardiac output

Cardiac Output will decrease if you decrease heart rate or stroke volume

51
Q

Which of the following will cause a decrease in Cardiac Output?

A. sympathetic stimulation

B. parasympathetic stimulation

A

B. parasympathetic stimulation

Parasympathetic stimulation releases ACh, which extends replarization and decreases the rate of spontaneous depolarization thus slowing the heart rate

Sympathetic stimulation releases NE, which shortens repolarization and accelerates the rate of spontaneous depolarization thus increasing the heart rate

52
Q

Which of the following releases Norepinephrine (NE)?

A. Sympathetic system

B. Parasympathetic system

A

A. Sympathetic system

Parasympathetic stimulation releases ACh, which extends replarization and decreases the rate of spontaneous depolarization thus slowing the heart rate

Sympathetic stimulation releases NE, which shortens repolarization and accelerates the rate of spontaneous depolarization thus increasing the heart rate

53
Q

Which of the following shortens repolarization and accelerates the rate of spontaneouus depolarization?

A. Acetylcholine (ACh)

B. Norepinephrine (NE)

A

B. Norepinephrine (NE)

note: shortening repolarization and accelerating spontaneous depolarization causes an increase in heart rate

54
Q

All of the following are true regarding the Atrial Reflex EXCEPT:

A. also called Bainbridge reflex

B. adjusts heart rate in response to venous return

C. Stretch receptors in the right atrium

D. Causes a decrease in heart rate

E. Involved in sympathetic system

A

D. Causes a decrease in heart rate

note: Atrial Reflex causes an increase in heart rate

55
Q

Which of the following has a short preganglionic fiber?

A. sympathetic system

B. parasympathetic system

A

A. sympathetic system

note: the sympathetic system has 2 lower motor neurons in the heart where Epi or NE is used
note: parasympathetic system only has one lower motor neuron

56
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation has all of the following effects EXCEPT:

A. extends repolarization

B. accelerates the rate of spontaneous depolarization

C. lowers heart heart rate

D. All of the above are effects of the parasympathetic system

A

B. accelerates the rate of spontaneous depolarization

Sympathetic stimulation:

  • shortens repolarization
  • accelerates the rate of spontaneous depolarization
  • increases heart rate

Parasympathetic stimulation:

  • extends repolarization
  • decreases the rate of spontaneous depolarization
  • decreases heart rate
57
Q

Sympathetic stimulation has all of the following effects on heart muscle EXCEPT:

A. shortens repolarization

B. accelerates the rate of spontaneous depolarization

C. increases heart rate

D. All of the above are effects of the sympathetic system

A

D. All of the above are effects of the sympathetic system

Sympathetic stimulation:

  • shortens repolarization
  • accelerates the rate of spontaneous depolarization
  • increases heart rate

Parasympathetic stimulation:

  • extends repolarization
  • decreases the rate of spontaneous depolarization
  • decreases heart rate
58
Q

All of the following are true regarding Atrial Reflex EXCEPT:

A. also called Bainbridge reflex

B. adjusts the heart rate in response to venous return

C. Stretch receptors in the right atrium trigger an increase in heart rate

D. Increases sympathetic stimulation

E. All of the above are true regarding atrial reflex

A

E. All of the above are true regarding atrial reflex

Important note: the Atrial Reflex adjusts the heart rate in response to venous return

59
Q

Discuss both the cardioaccelerator center and cardioinhibitory centers in regards to each of the following:

  • Where are both of those centers located?
  • Which of the following is involved in the cardioaccelerator center?
    • A. Sympathetic sys
    • B. Parasympathetic sys
  • Which of the following travels along the Vagus nerve?
    • A. Sympathetic sys
    • B. Parasympathetic sys
  • Which of the following synapses in the cardiac plexus?
    • A. Sympathetic ganglion
    • B. Parasympathetic ganglion
  • Which of the following has a very short postganglionic fibers?
    • A. Sympathetic sys
    • B. Parasympathetic sys
  • Sympathetic innervation mostly effects which of the following?
    • A. SA node
    • B. AV node
  • Parasympathetic innervation mostly effects which of the following?
    • A. SA node
    • B. AV node
A
  • Where are both of those centers located?
    • medulla oblongata
  • Which of the following is involved in the cardioaccelerator center?
    • A. Sympathetic sys
    • B. Parasympathetic sys
  • Which of the following travels along the Vagus nerve?
    • A. Sympathetic sys
    • B. Parasympathetic sys
  • Which of the following synapses in the cardiac plexus?
    • A. Sympathetic ganglion
    • B. Parasympathetic ganglion
  • Which of the following has a very short postganglionic fibers?
    • A. Sympathetic sys
    • B. Parasympathetic sys
  • Sympathetic innervation mostly effects which of the following?
    • A. SA node
    • B. AV node
  • Parasympathetic innervation mostly effects which of the following?
    • A. SA node
    • B. AV node

Careful!!! At REST the parasympathetic system mostly effects the SA node

  • The previous questions are when a person is NOT at rest
    note: parasympathetic postganglia are either extremelt close to or actually within the target organ which is how you can remember that the PNS has a short postganglion
    note: sympathetic sys has a short PREganglion
60
Q

All of the following are factors that affect EDV (end-diastolic volume) EXCEPT:

A. Preload

B. Filling time

C. Venous return

D. All of the above are factors that influence EDV

A

A. Preload

Factors that affect EDV:

  • Filling time: duration of ventricular diastole
  • Venous return: rate of blood flow during ventricular diastole

Factors that affect ESV:

  • Preload: ventricular stretching during diastole
  • Contractility: force produced during contraction, at a given preload
  • Afterload: tension the ventricle produces to open the semilunar valve and eject blood
61
Q

All of the following are factors that affect ESV (end-systolic volume) EXCEPT:

A. Preload

B. Filling time

C. Afterload

D. Contractility

E. All of the above are factors that influence ESV

A

B. Filling time

Factors that affect EDV:

  • Filling time: duration of ventricular diastole
  • Venous return: rate of blood flow during ventricular diastole

Factors that affect ESV:

  • Preload: ventricular stretching during diastole
  • Contractility: force produced during contraction, at a given preload
  • Afterload: tension the ventricle produces to open the semilunar valve and eject blood
62
Q

Which of the following refers to ventricular stretching during diastole?

A. Filling time

B. Venous return

C. Preload

D. Contractility

E. Afterload

A

C. Preload

Filling time: duration of ventricular diastole

Venous return: rate of blood flow during ventricular diastole

Preload: ventricular stretching during diastole

Contractility: force produced during contraction, at a given preload

Afterload: tension the ventricle produces to open the semilunar valve and eject blood

63
Q

Which of the following refers to the tension the ventricle produces to open th semilunar valve and eject blood?

A. Filling time

B. Venous return

C. Preload

D. Contractility

E. Afterload

A

E. Afterload

Filling time: duration of ventricular diastole

Venous return: rate of blood flow during ventricular diastole

Preload: ventricular stretching during diastole

Contractility: force produced during contraction, at a given preload

Afterload: tension the ventricle produces to open the semilunar valve and eject blood

64
Q

Which of the following refers to the duration of ventricular diastole?

A. Filling time

B. Venous return

C. Preload

D. Contractility

E. Afterload

A

A. Filling time

Filling time: duration of ventricular diastole

Venous return: rate of blood flow during ventricular diastole

Preload: ventricular stretching during diastole

Contractility: force produced during contraction, at a given preload

Afterload: tension the ventricle produces to open the semilunar valve and eject blood

65
Q

Which of the following refers to the rate of blood flow during ventricular diastole?

A. Filling time

B. Venous return

C. Preload

D. Contractility

E. Afterload

A

B. Venous return

Filling time: duration of ventricular diastole

Venous return: rate of blood flow during ventricular diastole

Preload: ventricular stretching during diastole

Contractility: force produced during contraction, at a given preload

Afterload: tension the ventricle produces to open the semilunar valve and eject blood

66
Q

Which of the following is directly proportional to EDV?

A. Filling time

B. Venous return

C. Preload

D. Contractility

E. Afterload

A

C. Preload

Preload:

  • the degree of ventricular stretching during ventricular diastole
  • Directly proportional to EDV
  • Affects ability of muscle cells to produce tension
67
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding Preload?

A. The degree of ventricular stretching during ventricular diastole

B. Directly proportional to ESV

C. Affects ability of muscle cells to produce tension

D. All of the above are true

A

B. Directly proportional to ESV

correct statement: Preload is directly proportional to EDV

68
Q

__________ states that the force of contraction of myocardium is directly proportional to the stretch of th muscle (preload).

A

Frank-Starling Law of Contraction

  • this means: more blood in ventricle = more forceful contraction
  • As EDV increases, stroke volume increases
  • SV = EDV - ESV
69
Q

Ventricular expansion is limited by all of the following EXCEPT:

A. myocardial connective tissue

B. the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton

C. the pericardial sac

D. All of the above limits ventricular expansion

A

D. All of the above limits ventricular expansion

70
Q

Contractility of the myocardium is affect by all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Autonomic innervation

B. Hormones

C. Diet

D. All of the above affect contractility

A

C. Diet

71
Q

Sympathetic stimulation have all of the following effects on contractility EXCEPT:

A. NE released by postganglionic fibers of cardiac nerves

B. Epinephrine and NE are released by the adrenal medullae

C. Causes ventricles to contract with more force

D. Decreases ejection fraction and increases ESV

E. All of the above are effects of sympathetic stimulation

A

D. Decreases ejection fraction and increases ESV

Correct statement: sympathetic stimulation increases ejection fraction and decreases ESV

72
Q

In the parasympathetic system, acetylcholine (ACh) is releaed by which of the following?

A. adrenal medullae

B. hypothalamus

C. vagus nerves

D. All of the above

A

C. vagus nerves

ACh = vagus nerves

Epi and NE = adrenal medullae

73
Q

______ is increased by any factor that restricts arterial blood flow.

A. Preload

B. Contractility

C. Afterload

D. Venous return

A

C. Afterload

74
Q

(T/F)

As afterload increases, stroke volume increases.

A

False

correct statement: as afterload increases, stroke volume decreases

Afterload refers to the tension the ventricles produce to open the semilunar valve and eject blood

75
Q

Discuss what effect each of the following have on EDV or ESV and how that affects SV and CO.

  • Increasing Venous return
  • Increasing Filling time
  • Increasing Contractility
  • Increasing Afterload
A

CO = HR x SV

SV = EDV - ESV

Increasing venous return:

  • increases EDV
  • increases SV
  • increases CO

Increasing filling time:

  • increases EDV
  • increases SV
  • increases CO

Increasing contractility:

  • decreases ESV
  • increases SV
  • increases CO

Increasing afterload:

  • increases ESV
  • decreases SV
  • decreases CO

Main concept:

  • increasing EDV = increases SV
  • increasing ESV = decreases SV
76
Q

At rest:

A. EDV is low

B. Myocardium stretches more

C. Stroke volume is high

D. All of the above

A

A. EDV is low

At rest:

  • EDV is low
  • Myocardium stretches less (cause theres less blood in ventricle)
  • stroke volume is low (SV = EDV - ESV)

With Exercise:

  • EDV is high
  • Myocardium stretches more
  • Stroke volume increases
77
Q

(T/F)

Afterload is decreased by any factor that restricts arterial blood flow.

A

False

Correct Statement: Afterload is increased by any factor that restricts arterial bloodflow

Afterload refers to the tension produced by the ventricles to open the semilunar valve and eject blood

  • Increasing afterload decreases SV by increasing ESV
    • SV = EDV - ESV
78
Q

Sympathetic stimulation has all of the following effects EXCEPT:

A. increases venous return which increases SV

B. increases filling time which increases SV

C. increases contractility which increases SV

D. increases afterload which increases SV

E. sympathetic stimulation effects all of the above

A

D. increases afterload which increases SV

Increasing afterload:

  • increases ESV
    • SV = EDV - ESV
  • which in turn decreases SV as you can see in the equation above

note: if something increases EDV it is also increasing SV

note #2: if something increases ESV it decrease SV

79
Q

Which of the following travels in close proximity to the Endocardium?

(select all that apply)

A. SA node

B. AV node

C. AV bundle

D. Purkinje fibers

A

C. AV bundle

D. Purkinje fibers

note: this a very important concept because its a way to seperate the conduction signaling from the myocardium

80
Q

What are the 4 specialized myocytes we need to know for this exam?

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. AV bundle (bundle of His)
  4. Purkinje fibers
81
Q

All of the following are true regarding Purkinje fibers EXCEPT:

A. modified, specialized cardiac muscle cells

B. Organized into nodes and fibers

C. Generate and rapidly transmit the contractile impulse

D. All of the above are true

A

D. All of the above are true

82
Q

List each of the following in order from beginning to end regarding ion channels of the myocardium.

  • Na+ enters and exits the cell simultaneously
  • Na+ rapidly enters cell
  • K+ leaves cell as Na+ enters the cell
  • Ca2+ is entering and exiting cell while K+ is exiting
  • K+ exits the cell
A
  1. Na+ rapidly enters cell = rapid depolarization
  2. K+ exits the cell = partial repolarization
  3. Ca2+ is entering and exiting cell (leakyness) while K+ is exiting = Plateau
  4. K+ leaves the cell as Na+ enters the cell
  5. Na+ is entering and exiting the cell
83
Q

All of the following are true regarding the sympathetic system EXCEPT:

A. contains a short preganglion

B. postganglionic fibers end at the cardiac plexus

C. is controlled by the cardioacceleratory center

D. All of the above are true

A

B. postganglionic fibers end at the cardiac plexus

correct statement: sympathetic postganglionic fibers end at the cardiac nerve

Sympathetic system = Cardiac nerve

Parasympathetic system = Cardiac plexus

Integrated Systems (Cardiac) (9 decks)

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