Cardiac - Valvular heart diseases

Question 1

Mechanical heart valve indications

Answer 1

Remarks: BOTH mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valves are reasonable in patients aged 50 – 70 years
old provided that there are no contraindications to anticoagulation (with bioprosthetic heart valves associated with 2x risk of reoperation but 1/2x risk of bleeding and stroke)

Question 1

Mechanical vs bioprosthetic heart valve

Comparison in useage, durability, thrombotic risk, anticoagulation use

Answer 1

Question 2

Bioprosthetic heart valve
Indications

Answer 2

Remarks: BOTH mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valves are reasonable in patients aged 50 – 70 years old provided that there are no contraindications to anticoagulation (with bioprosthetic heart valves associated with 2x risk of reoperation but 1/2x risk of bleeding and stroke)

Question 3

Mechanical heart valve

Antithrombotic prophylaxis

Answer 3

Question 4

Bioprostheticheart valve

Anti-thrombotic prophylaxis

Answer 4

Question 5

Valve replacement

Periprocedural bridging of anticoagulants
Correction of over-anticoagulation

Answer 5

Question 6

Valve replacement

Complications

Answer 6

Question 7

Mitral stenosis

Pathogenesis
Classification

Answer 7

Question 8

Mitral stenosis

Causes

Answer 8

Question 9

Mitral stenosis

Clinical presentation

Answer 9

Question 10

Mitral stenosis

P/E

Answer 10

Question 11

Mitral stenosis

Radiological Ix

Answer 11

Question 12

Mitral stenosis

Medical treatment options

Answer 12

Question 13

Mitral stenosis

Surgical treatment options

Answer 13

Question 14

Mitral stenosis

Complications

Answer 14

Question 15

Mitral regurgitation

Classification

Answer 15

Question 16

Mitral regurgitation

Staging

Answer 16

Question 17

Mitral regurgitation

Causes of acute and chronic MR

Answer 17

Question 18

Mitral regurgitation

Disease course

Answer 18

Question 19

Mitral regurgitation

Clinical presentation

Answer 19

Question 20

Mitral regurgitation

P/E

Answer 20

Question 21

Mitral regurgitation

Radiological Ix

Answer 21

Question 22

Mitral regurgitation

Treatment of acute MR

Answer 22

Question 23

Mitral regurgitation

Treatment of chronic MR

Answer 23

Question 24

Mitral regurgitation

Complications

Answer 24

Question 25

Aortic stenosis

Classification of severity

Answer 25

Question 26

Aortic stenosis

Causes

Answer 26

Question 27

Aortic stenosis

Severity level for symptoms
Clinical presentation

Answer 27

Question 28

Aortic stenosis

P/E

Answer 28

Question 29

Aortic stenosis

Radiological Ix

Answer 29

Question 30

Aortic stenosis

General management
Surgical treatment options

Answer 30

Surgical treatment:
- Aortic valve replacement
- Transcatheter aortic valve replacement/ implantation (TAVR/TAVI)
- Percutaneous balloon aortic valvotomy

Question 31

Aortic valve replacement

Indications
Post-operative therapy

Answer 31

Question 32

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement/ implantation

Valve types
Approach
Post-operative therapy
Complications

Answer 32

Question 33

Percutaneous balloon aortic valvotomy

Risk
Indication

Answer 33

Question 34

Aortic stenosis

Complications
Prognosis

Answer 34

Question 35

Aortic regurgitation

Types
Pathogenesis

Answer 35

Question 36

Aortic regurgitation

Cause of acute and chronic AR

Answer 36

Question 37

Aortic regurgitation

Clinical presentation

Answer 37

Question 38

Aortic regurgitation

P/E

Answer 38

Question 39

Aortic regurgitation

Radiological Ix

Answer 39

Question 40

Aortic regurgitation

Treatment

Answer 40

Question 41

Tricuspid regurgitation

Classification

Answer 41

Question 42

Tricuspid regurgitation

Causes

Answer 42

Question 43

Tricuspid regurgitation

Clinical presentation

Answer 43

Question 44

Tricuspid regurgitation

P/E

Answer 44

Question 45

Tricuspid regurgitation

Radiological Ix

Answer 45

Question 46

Tricuspid regurgitation

Treatment

Answer 46