Cardio

Question 1

how does PEA present

Answer 1

SINUS RHYTHM on ECG

but NO PULSE

Question 2

why does PEA occur

Answer 2

when filling of the ventricles is impaired (i.e. the heart will keep contracting normally, but because no blood is pushed out of it, you wouldn’t feel a pulse).

Question 3

how does Dressler syndrome present

Answer 3

pericarditis sx (pleuritic central chest pain, relieved on sitting up)

with FEVER

and RAISED ESR (AI)

Question 4

if someone with AF is being cardioverted, how long do you need to continue apixaban for after?

Answer 4

continue for 2 months after cardioversion if CHADSVASC = 0

continue LIFELONG if CHADSVASC >=1

Question 5

what are the three criteria for STABLE ANGINA

Answer 5

All 3 of the following:

• SHARP pain
• Pain PRECIPITATED BY EXERTION
• pain resolving within 5 mins of GTN spray

Question 6

what are criteria for atypical angina

Answer 6

2/3 of the criteria

• SHARP pain
• Pain PRECIPITATED BY EXERTION
• pain resolving within 5 mins of GTN spray

Question 7

What are the three stages of HTN

Answer 7

1: BP >140/90
2: BP>160/100
3: BP >180/110

Question 8

when do you need to treat Stage 1 HTN (>140/90)

Answer 8

if UNDER 80 yo AND

• diabetes
• CVD
• renal diisease
• end organ damage
• Qrisk 10% or higher

Question 9

What BP level required Tx in an otherwise healthy person

Answer 9

> 160/100

Question 10

what is BP target for <80 year olds

Answer 10

Clinic BP: 140/90

Ambulatory/home BP: <135/85

Question 11

what is target BP for >80uyo

Answer 11

ADD 10mmHg

Clinic BP: 150/90
Ambulatory/home BP: 145/85

Question 12

bisferiens pulse - which condition

double pulse - 2 separate systolic beats

Answer 12

HOCM

Question 13

when do you get a VQ scan over a CTPA in PE

Answer 13

VQ scan if CKD or pregnant

Question 14

when are nitrites contraindicated

Answer 14

in AORTIC STENOSIS - due to risk of hypotension

Question 15

what is the fourth step in the HTN algorithm - when patient is already on triple therapy (ACEi/ARB + TLD + CCB) with poorly controlled HTN

Answer 15

If K+ <4.5 give spironolactone

If K+ >4.5 give alpha blocker or beta blocker

Question 16

how does posterior MI present

Answer 16

tall R waves V1-2

Question 17

causes of a RAISED JVP

Answer 17

Congestrve cardiac failure 
percardial effusion 
pulmonary HTN 
TF 
COmplete HB 
SVC obstruction (enlagement, non pulsatile)