CARDIO

Question 1

Define Triad of Virchow and its factors

Answer 1

factors that promote deep vein thrombosis
Venous stasis, hypercoagulable state, venous endothelial damage

Question 2

Modifiable risk factors for hypertension

Answer 2

obesity, glucose intolerance, increased sodium intake, smoking

Question 3

Unmodifiable risk factors for hypertension

Answer 3

family history, older age, low socioeconomic status

Question 4

What is orthostatic hypotension

Answer 4

low blood pressure from change in positions ( from laying down and sitting up. Mechanisms of normal compensation of increase of heart rate with movement and vasoconstriction with movement fails

Question 5

causes of orthostatic hypertension

Answer 5

antihypertensive drugs, altered body chemistry, prolonged immobility caused by illness, volume depletion, conditions of venous pooling (pregnancy, lower extremity varicose veins)

Question 6

define embolism

Answer 6

bolus of matter circulating the blood stream then lodges leading to obstruction of blood flow

Question 7

air embolism occurs

Answer 7

due to inappropriate injecting air through central lines or IVs

Question 8

fat embolism occurs

Answer 8

due to long bone fractures which release fat into the blood stream (fatty tissue from bone marrow release in the blood stream)

Question 9

bacterial embolism occurs

Answer 9

bacterial infection such as endocarditis

Question 10

amniotic emobolism occurs when

Question 11

what is CAD

Answer 11

vascular disorder that narrows or occludes coronary artery due to imbalance between coronary supply of blood and myocardial demand for oxygen and nutrients.

Question 12

Can cause reversable myocardial ischemia ( angina) or irreversible tissue death ( MI)

Answer 12

CAD

Question 13

non modifiable risk factors of CAD

Answer 13

advanced age, positive family history, male genotype, female genotype after menopause

Question 14

modifiable risk factor of CAD

Answer 14

advanced age, positive family history, male genotype, female genotype after menopause

Question 15

define CAD (Stable Angina)

Answer 15

reversible chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia, pain described as heavy or pressure radiating to neck, lower jaw, left arm/shoulder, occurs in response to increased myocardial oxygen demand from excerise or emotional stress

Question 16

clinical manifestations of stable angina

Answer 16

Ekg may show ST depression or T wave inversion during stress, Normal troponin and CK-MB

Question 17

define CAD ( Unstable Angina)

Answer 17

: acute coronary syndrome ( emergency), reversible myocardial ischemia however, telling of impending MI, can be new onset angina that occurs during rest and does not resolve

Question 18

clinical manifestation of unstable angina

Answer 18

Ekg transient ST wave depressions and T wave inversions, normal troponin and CK MB

Question 19

define CAD (myocardial infarction)

Answer 19

: an acute cornonary syndrome, prolonged ischemia lead to irreversible death of cardiac muscules

Question 20

EKG signs of MI

Answer 20

STEMI ( ST elevation MI) or NSTEMI (non ST elevation MI)

Question 21

clinical manifestation of MI

Answer 21

deep aching throbbing chest pains, pain radiating neck, lower jaw, left arm, diaphosisis and dyspenea, sx don’t go away with rest, older adults with diabetes experience vomiting, nausea, Elevated troponin and CKMB, st elevation ( stemi) or ST depression and/or t wave inversion ( NSTEMI)

Question 22

Define valvular stenosis

Answer 22

Valve orfice is CONSTRICTED and NARROW

Question 23

example of valvular stenosis

Answer 23

aortic stenosis most common valvular abnormality

Question 24

This has a crescendo decrescendo systolic heart murmur

Answer 24

Valvular stenosis ( aortic stenosis)

Question 25

define valvular regurgitation

Answer 25

: valve fails to shut completely; can also be called valvular insufficiency or incompetence

Question 26

example of valvular regurgitation

Answer 26

aortic regurgitation

Question 27

this has a diastolic decrescendo murmur

Answer 27

valvular regurgitation ( aortic regurgitation)

Question 28

Left heart failure is also known as ___ and consists of ____ and ____ failure

Answer 28

congestive heart failure, systolic, diastolic

Question 29

inability of heart to generate adequate cardiac output to perfuse tissues due to reduced stroke volume

Answer 29

Systolic failure

Question 30

what causes systolic heart failure

Answer 30

, can be due to reduced cardiac contractility, increased preload, increased afterload,

Question 31

SX of systolic heart failure

Answer 31

fatigue, dsypnea, orthopnea frothy sputum cough from pulmonary edema. (ventricle fails to squeeze leading to low cardiac output, low stroke volume

Question 32

inability of the heart to relax during diastole or decreased left ventricular compliance,

Answer 32

diastolic failure

Question 33

diastolic failure may occur because

Answer 33

cardiac hypertrophy

Question 34

SX of diastolic failure

Answer 34

fatigue, dsypnea on exertion, pulmonary edema ( fails to relax due to not enough volume to fill ventricle, leads to blood buildup in the left atria, fills too much and goes to lungs)

Question 35

define right heart failure

Answer 35

inability for right ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation

Question 36

what can cause right heart failure

Answer 36

Caused by severe LHF (increase in left ventricle filling pressure is reflected back into the pulmonary circulation leading to R ventricular hypertrophy, less commonly caused by pulmonary hypertension

Question 37

SX of right heart failure

Answer 37

dependent edema, juglar venous distention, hepatosplenomegaly, ascites (systemic fluid overload- edema) ( due to pulmonary disease stressing rt ventricle)

Question 38

what is the tetralogy of fallot

Answer 38

( PEDIATRIC) life threatening congenital disorder

Question 39

Characteristics of Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 39

1. large ventral septal defect ( VSD) 2. overriding aorta over the VSD 3. pulmonary stenosis 4. right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 40

SX of Tetralogy of fallot

Answer 40

dyspnea, restlessness, difficulty feeding, tet spells ( hypercyanotic spells triggered by crying ( turn blue)

Question 41

pathophysiology of Patent Ductus Ateriosis

Answer 41

(PEDIATRIC) Failure of ductus ateriosus to close (normally occurs within a few hours of birth) leads to shunting of blood from aorta to pulmonary arteries

Question 42

SX of patent ductus

Answer 42

hypercyanotic spells, signs of pulmonary over circulation, MACHINERY LIKE MUMUR, weak pulses