Urology

Question 1

what are the determinants of obstructive uropathy

Answer 1

Severity depends on cause of lesion, duration of blockage, location of blockage, degree of completeness, whether it involves one or both urinary tract systems, further classified as upper or lower urinary tract

Question 2

what causes the formation of kidney stones

Answer 2

As urine filiters, solute concentrations get high, causing stone formation. Masses of crystals proteins mineral salts of the urinary tract. Supersaturation of one or more salts leads to precipation then crystallization or aggregation into stone.

Question 3

what are clinical manifestations of kidney stones

Answer 3

renal pain, sharp stabbing back pain

Question 4

inflammation of the bladder typically caused y genitourinary bacterial flora which overgrown or travel backwards into the host body ( retrograde movement) ( common pathogens E coli and Staph saprophyticus

Answer 4

cystitis ( UTI)

Question 5

clinical manifestations of cystitis

Answer 5

can be asymptomatic, frequent urgent dysuria ( pain with urination), hematuria, cloudy foul smelling urine, flank pain, determined with urine culture

Question 6

infection of upper urinary tract system ( uretuer, renal pelivis kidney) more severe than UTI, CAT scan determines, have symptoms of UTI along with fever, chills, costovertebral angle tenderness

Answer 6

pyelonephritis

Question 7

clinical onset of pyelonephritis

Answer 7

acute onset of sustemic systems (fever and chills), costovertebral angle tenderness dsyrua ( pain with urination), hematuria, cloudy foul smelling urine, plank pain,

Question 8

pyelonephritis is diagnosed with

Answer 8

CAT scan

Question 9

is a sudden decline in kidney function measured in decreased GRF, increased serum creatine, increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), reduced urine output

Answer 9

acute kidney injury

Question 10

this kind of acute kidney injury is most common

Answer 10

prerenal AKI

Question 11

this kind of AKI is inadequate renal perfusion leads to eventual decrease in glomerular filtration pressure (ex: hypotension of any cause, hypocolemia from acute blood loss/hemorrhage, renal vasoconstricition caused by NSAIDS)

Answer 11

prerenal AKI

Question 12

this kind of AKI is direct injury of renal parenchyma or intersitial cells. (ex: acute tubular necrosis, exposure to nephrotoxic contrast dye, acute glomerulnephrtits, graft rejection)

Answer 12

intra renal

Question 13

this kind of AKI is : urinary tract obstruction leading to increased intrabulular pressure and decreased GRF ( ex: tumors, kidney stones, neurogenic bladder)

Answer 13

Post renal