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VTS ECC Study Cards 2025 > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Fibroserous sac thay surrounds the heart

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2
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

Located between pericardium and the heart
Normal: less than 1mL light yellow fluid

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3
Q

Atrioventricular values

A

Right AV valve - tricuspid valve
Left AV valve - mitral or bicuspid valve

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4
Q

Action potential

A

Rapid change in membrane potential or voltage - triggers muscle contractions

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5
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Cardiac cell is not electrically charged (-90mV)

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6
Q

Threshold potential

A

Critical level that membrane potential must reach to initiate action potential

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7
Q

Phase 0

A

Depolarization (suddenly more +)
Rapid opening of NA channels –> Na ions flow into cell

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8
Q

Phase 2

A

Plateau phase
Cardiac ions into cell

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9
Q

Phase 1

A

K channels open –>K leaves cell (inactivated Na channels)
Negative state
(Repolarization)

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10
Q

Phase 3

A

Rapid repolarization
Cardiac channels close
K channels open = more Negative membrane potential

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11
Q

Phase 4

A

Diastole –> returns to resting membrane potential

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12
Q

Cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x heart rate
(Seesaw action)
Volume of blood being pumped by heart in each minute

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13
Q

Stroke volume

A

Cardiac preload
Cardiac contractility
Cardiac afterload
(Volume of blood being pumped from heart with each pump)

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14
Q

Blood pressure

A

Systemic vascular resistance x cardiac output

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15
Q

Failure to pump enough blood out into aorta or pulmonary artery, maintain SV, CO or ABP

A

Systolic failure, forward heart failure or low output heart failure (decreased CO and BP, hypotension, weakness, lethargy)

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16
Q

Preload

A

Force acting to stretch the ventricles at the end of diastole (end diastolic volume)
Increased in CHF, decreased in hypovolemia

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17
Q

Contractility

A

The ability or strength of the heart to contract
(Increased in SNS sympathetic stimulation, decreased in HF)

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18
Q

Afterload

A

Tension created within left ventricular just prior to aortic valve opening that the heart must overcome for blood to leave the heart
(Increased in vasoconstriction, decreased in vasodilation)

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19
Q

Frank starling law

A

SV increases with increases in preload and contractility and decreases in afterload

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20
Q

Inadequate ventricular filling

A

diastolic failure, backward heart failure (Heart unable to relax)

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21
Q

Heart unable to empty itself

A

Congestive heart failure (signs of congestion, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, ascites)

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22
Q

Left sided heart failure

A

Signs of congestion, pulmonary edema, dyspnea (pleural effusion in cats)

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23
Q

Right sided heart failure

A

back op of systemic circulation, ascites, jugular vein distension and peripheral edema

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24
Q

Systolic Heart Failure

A

normal filling of ventricles, decrease in forward stroke volume –> decreased contractility (inotropy) or increased ventricular pressure (overload) or volume overload
DCM, MI, nutrition deficiency, doxorubicin toxicity

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25
Volume Overload
valvular disease --> chronic mitral valve insufficiency, infectious endocarditis, ruptured chordae tenineae, PDA, atrial or ventral septal defect, hyper T4, chronic anemia (Eccentric Ventricular hypertrophy)
26
Pressure Overload
Congential diseases such as pulmonic stenosis, subaortic stenosis, HCM, systemic hypertension, HWD, PTE, pulmonary hypertension (Concentric hypertrophy)
27
Diastolic Heart Failure
Impairment to ventricle filling, normal systolic function inability to relax heart, external constraint, abnormal cardiac compliance (DCM, MI, ventricular filling obstruction, cardiac tamponade, neoplasia, ventricular hypertrophy
28
HF treatment
Oxygen therapy Loop diuretic (furosemide) --> reduce preload, decrease hydrostatic pressure, remove pulmonary edema Reduce afterload --> nitroglycerin paste, nitroprusside CRI (veno/arteriodilator) Hydralazine - arterial dilator Dobutamine --> BP Pimo --> positive inotropy, reduce afterload
29
Chronic Valvular Heart Disease
Endocardiosis AV Valves (mostly left)
30
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Cardiac enlargement and impaired systolic function (Genetic, toxic, nutritional, viral) Most common in dogs
31
Caval Syndrome of HWD
heavy worm burden >60 worms Obstruct right heart inflow and tricuspid valve function Reduce preload --> CO Venotomy - local anesthesia, in left lateral to remove worms
32
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Thickening left ventricular wall and papillary muscles (more common in cats)
33
Systemic Thromboembolism
Clot breaks free and becomes lodged in distal vasculature (Virchows Triad) Blood lactate from affected limb will be higher
34
Pericardial Effusion
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity Fluid is significant and compresses heart --> cardiac tamponade Decreased ventricular filling = decreased preload = decreased strove volume = decreased CO Electical alternans --> unique ECG finding = swinging of heart once every other heart beat
35
Endocarditis
Destruction of valve and internal structures of heart (Left AV and aortic valve) Blood cultures - gold standard
36
Trauma Associated Myocardial Injury (TAMI)
myocardial contusion 12-36 hours post thoracic trauma (arrythmias --> ventricular usually)
37
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
boxer cardiomyopathy - fibrous tissue replaced normal tissues Dx with holter monitor
38
Sinus Bradycardia
HR abnormally low (parasympathetic nervous system) sleep/athletes/drugs/severe hypertension/cushings reflex/ increased ICP/hyperkalemia/feline shock
39
Sinus Tachycardia
Abnormally fast HR (sympathetic nervous system) vagal maneuver (carotid sinus massage, ocular pressure) Pain/anxiety/shock/need to urinate/anemia/hyperthyroidism/pheochromocytoma/drugs/hypoxemia/hypercapnia
40
Sinus Arrythmia
Increase in rate during inspiration, decreased in rate during expiration Normal in dogs- not normal in cats
41
Atrial Standstill
Total absence of atrial depolarization (no P wave) severe hyperkalemia, atrial disease, ECG artifact)
42
Atrial Premature Contractions
Ectopic part of atrium --> structural or cardiac lesion, hyperT4, atrial tumors
43
Frank Starling Law
SV increases with increases in preload and contractility and decreases in afterload
44
Atrial Tachycardia
series of three or more APCs in rapid sequence at a rate greater than the sinus rhythm (precede a fib)
45
Atrial fibrillation
Complete electrical disorganization at the atrial level Can occur is structurally normal hearts under anesthesia --> w/hypoT4, pericardiocentesis, GI dz, volume overload, abdominal dz
46
Ventricular Premature Contractions
Premature, wide QRS complex valvular heart dz, cardiomyopathies, congenital heart dz, anemia, hypoxia, GDV, abdominal masses, acidosis, hypokalema, sepsis, myocarditis, trauma, toxicities, anesthesic agents, excessive sympathetic stimulation, pain
47
Ventricular Tachycardia, flutter, accelerated idioventricular rhythm
3 or more rapid VPCs in rapid sequence that occur at HR at or above 160bpm (when 3 or more occur at slower hr - AIVR)
48
Torsades de Pointes
Prolongation of QT interval Hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, antiarrhythmia drug toxicity
49
First degree AV block
delay of conduction from atria to ventricles * No treatment*
50
Second degree AV block
Complete but transient interruption of conduction from atria to ventricles Mobitz type 1 - progressive lengthening of PR interval (P wave that occurs w/o QRS complex) Mobitz type 2 - normal intervals but one or more P waves lacked QRS complexes
51
Third degree AV block
Complete failure of conductance and total dissociation of atria and ventricles
52
Sick sinus syndrome
electrical impulse out of sinus node
53
Junctional and ventricular escape rhythm
EB - wide and bizarre looking QRS complex - mimics VPCs JEB - more narrow
54
PAM/345
Pulmonic valve, aortic valve, mitral valve 3rd intercostal space 4th intercostal space, 5th intercostal space,
55
Stages of heart failure
A - Healthy animals at risk for developing heart disease B - Diagnostic evidence but no clinical signs Class B1 Describes patients with low risk of developing CHF or ATE, mostly based on normal chamber sizes Class B2 Describes patients WITH radiographic or echocardiographic evidence of cardiac remodeling that are at a higher risk of developing CHF- therapy is warranted C - Cardiac remodeling and concurrent and historical signs of HF D - CHF and respiratory signs not relieved by medications
56
Loop diuretics
Furosemide Acts in loop of henle Reduced NA, K and water reabsorption
57
Thiazide diuretics
Stage D Interferes with sodium ion transport across renal tubular epithelium, resulting in increased excretion of sodium, chloride and water Hydrochlorothiazide
58
Aldosterone antagonists
Competitively inhibits aldosterone in the kidney to increase excretion of sodium (and others) Potassium-sparing Spironolactone
59
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Typically used in stage D MMVD CA found in proximal tubule, reabsorbs sodium Acetazolamide
60
Positive Inotropes
Pimobendan Inodilator: positive inotropy and vasodilatory effects Both occur through PDE-III inhibition (metabolizes cAMP) Dobutamine Beta-1 adrenergic agonist Increases cAMP
61
Vasodilators
Arteriodilators Work to decrease afterload Amlodipine (dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker), hydralazine, telmisartan (angiotensin II antagonist) Venodilators Work to decrease pre- and afterload Nitroglycerin Prodrug that releases nitric oxide
62
Mixed dilators
ACE inhibitors (the “-aprils”) Enalapril, benazepril ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker Ex.: telmisartan Nitroprusside
63
Becks Triad
Jugular distension Hypotension Muffled Heart Sounds
64
Taurine deficiency can cause which cardiac disease in cats that are not fed a commercial diet
DCM
65
A complete but transient conduction interruption from atria to ventricles where every QRS has a P wave but not every P wave has a QRS is
Second degree heart block Longer and longer between the P and QRS complex
66
Blood pressure is a product of which components
CO x SVR

VTS ECC Study Cards 2025 (12 decks)

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