cardio 2 Flashcards
(33 cards)
main cause of mitral stenosis
Rheumatic fever
what is the cause of non infectious endocarditis
Autoimmune conditions (SLE, Cancer, Sterile Thrombosis)
effects of valvular stenosis
hypertrophy,
chamber dilation,
increase resistance
difference between acute and subacute bacterial endocarditis
Acute: sudden and rapid deterioration on healthy hearts by virus and bacteria
Subacute: prolonged onset on already damaged hearts
features of aortic regurgitation
Backwards blood flow into the Left ventricle leading to overflow and dilation
common mechanisms leading to heart failure
ventricular inflow and outflow obstructions
volume overload
impaired ventricular functions
main types of valvular dysfunction
Stenosis ( fused or failed to fully open)
Incompetence (failure to close)
what is myocarditis
inflammation of heart muscles (caused by viruses)
what is cardiomyopathy
deterioration of heart function
types of cardiomyopathy
Restrictive (rigidness of ventricular walls)
Dilated ( enlarged and weakened ventricular walls)
hypertonic (left ventricular hypertrophy)
Takotsubo (dilation of apical part of the left ventricle)
features of Aortic stenosis
narrowing of Aortic valve due to calcification
increase left ventricle pressure
left ventricular hypertrophy
Left Heart Failure symptoms
Pulmonary Oedema
Pulmonary congestion
exertional dyspnoea
orthopnoea
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
reduced lung compliance
cyanosis
cough
restlessness
anxiety
tachypnoea
infective endocarditis risk factors
Diabetes
acquired or congenital valvular abnormalities
prosthetic heart valves
intravenous drug abuse
Alcohol
IV cathators
cardiac surgery
Chemotherapy
what causes Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Stress
emotions (Broken heart syndrome)
compensatory mechanisms of heart failure
myocardial hypertrophy
sympathetic nervous system activation (vasoconstriction improve blood pressure)
activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (retain water and salt increase blood pressure)
benefit of β Blockers in heart failure
reduces sympathetic overstimulation
reduces long term myocardial damage
reduces risk of a arrhythmia
pathogenesis sequence of valve endocarditis
colonisation of the valve by bacteria
bacterial attachment causing erosion
bacteria enter deeper into the valve
activates platelets and blood clots
thrombi on the valve
vegetation
mitral incompetence
mitral valve doesn’t close fully during contraction
causes mitral valve prolapse
primary causes of caridomyopathies
Genetic
secondary cause of cardiomyopathies
chronic myocardial ischemia
post myocardial infarction
myocarditis
toxicity (alcohol, heavy metals ect)
systematic autoimmune disease
endocrine disease
right heart Failure symptoms
ascites (fluid build up in cavities)
peripheral oedemas
hepatic congestion (enlarged liver)
distended neck veins
ARNI in heart failure treatment
promote vasodilation and diuresis
natriuretic peptides
define heart failure
a state where the heart cannot produce the necessary cardiac output to meet metabolic demand
what is pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium (due to viral infection, autoimmune disease
