Cardio 3

Question 1

what you use use to diagnose aneurysms

Answer 1

Standard & Duplex ultrasounds
CT scan
CT angiography
MRI
MR angiography

Question 2

typical symptoms of Deep vein thrombosis

Answer 2

pain
aches when walking
welling
muscle tenderness
redness
warmth
prominent dilated surface viens

Question 3

common antihypertensive drugs

Answer 3

diuretics
β blockers
ACE inhibitors
ARB blockers
CCB Blockers
α1 blockers

Question 4

combined therapies used in hypertension management

Answer 4

lower blood pressure (lifestyle changes)
find what drugs are effective
manage potential side effects

Question 5

what structure of veins prevent regurgitation

Answer 5

valves

Question 6

whats the problem with vein valves

Answer 6

stasis
distention
inefficiencies

Question 7

how is the ankle-brachial index calculated

Answer 7

ankle systolic pressure/ brachial systolic pressure
>0.9 indicated periferial arterial disease

Question 8

goal blood pressure level in hypertension treatment

Answer 8

Blood pressure below 135/80 mm hg
(130/80 if diabetic or has renal disease)

Question 9

difference between primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon

Answer 9

Primary: idiopathic, less severe, young healthy women
Secondary: due to underlying factors, asymmetric, painful

Question 10

mechanisms that cause increase blood pressure

Answer 10

increase cardiac output
systemic vascular resistance
BP = CO X SVR

Question 11

possible outcomes of deep vein thrombosis

Answer 11

embolisms
lysis (when thrombosis is small)
recanalization
organisation (scar tissue closing the vein)

Question 12

characteristics of varicose veins

Answer 12

distended
enlarged
tortuous
superficial veins of the saphenous veinous system

Question 13

what is Raynaud’s phenomenon

Answer 13

vasospastic disorder of the finger and toes
due to the cold and stress

Question 14

predisposition to dissecting aneurysm

Answer 14

long term hypertension
marfan syndrome
congenital aorta valvular defects
coarctation (narrowing of aorta)

Question 15

symptoms of peripheral arterial disease

Answer 15

intermitted claudication (limping)
calf pain
aching
numbness
skin atrophy
cool and pale feet
absent or weak pulse

Question 16

colour changes during Raynaud’s phenomenon

Answer 16

pallor , cyanosis , hyperaemia
white, blue, red

Question 17

what is hypertension

Answer 17

elevated blood pressure

Question 18

how is hypertension diagnosed

Answer 18

diagnosed through repeated blood pressure measurement by validated equipment, at rest

Question 19

what is deep vein thrombosis, where does it occur

Answer 19

the formation of thrombi in the veins
calfs
popliteal
femoral
iliac viens

Question 20

what is an aneurysm

Answer 20

a localised permeant dilation of the arteries or cardiac chamber walls

Question 20

common symptoms of varicose veins

Answer 20

irregular purplish bulging veins
aching
heavy legs
swelling
skin discolouration
ulcers
dermatitis
thrombophlebitis

Question 21

where do aneurysm commonly occur

Answer 21

aorta
circle of willis

Question 22

what causes endothelial damage in deep vein thrombosis

Answer 22

IV cathaters
chemotherapy medication
smoking

Question 23

types of aneurysms

Answer 23

saccular
fusiform
dissenting

Question 24

what are cerebral aneurysms and where do they occur

Answer 24

saccular aneurysms occur due to congenital defects in arterial walls occur at the branches of the circle of Willis cause subarachnoid haemorrhage

Question 25

difference between primary and secondary varicose veins

Answer 25

Primary: due to inherent weakness of the veinous walls Secondary: impaired blood flow in deep leg veins

Question 26

what is done to after diagnosing hypertension

Answer 26

Blood test urine test ECG fundoscopy (assess for underlying causes and complications)

Question 27

does does impaired deep vein flow lead to varicose veins

Answer 27

blood is redirected to superficial veins overfilling them

Question 28

tools used for deep vein thrombosis diagnosis

Answer 28

D-dimer test ultrasonography venography (X ray CT MRI)

Question 29

what is peripheral arterial disease

Answer 29

chronic atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries

Question 30

where does peripheral arterial disease occur mainly

Answer 30

iliac lower limb arteries

Question 31

main strategies to prevent deep vein thrombosis

Answer 31

walking addressing risk factors leg elevation calf exercise early mobilisation compression socks anticoagulants

Question 32

common causes of secondary hypertension

Answer 32

renal disease renal artery stenosis coarctation endocrine disease certain medications

Question 33

key contributing factor to the development of varicose veins

Answer 33

pregnancy obesity prolong standing leg injury abdominal strain heavy lifting prolonged constipation

Question 34

what condition causes lead to venous stasis

Answer 34

heart failure, sitting, old age, bed rest

Question 35

Virchow’s triad

Answer 35

hypercoagulability damage to endothelium venous stasis

Question 36

common cause of aneurysms

Answer 36

hypertension Atherosclerosis bacterial infections congenital defects

Question 37

tool to diagnose peripheral ARTERIAL disease

Answer 37

duplex ultrasonography MRA CTA

Question 38

causes of secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon

Answer 38

connective tissue disease repetitive strain certain medication

Question 39

diagnostic tools for varicose veins

Answer 39

exmination doppler ultrasound contrast venography with CT or MRI

Question 40

what is critical limb Ischemia

Answer 40

reduced blood flow causing ischemia pain at rest, skin ulceration and gangrene

Question 41

what causes hypercoagulability

Answer 41

dehydration age smoking obesity polycythemia vera genetic clotting abnormalities antiphospholipid syndrome

Question 42

complications of hypertension

Answer 42

Atherosclerosis aneurysms arteriolosclerosis left ventricular hypertrophy strokes hypertensive retinopathy nephropathy

Question 43

what are veins

Answer 43

lower pressure blood vessels that move deoxygenated blood to the heart

Question 44

what is acute limb ischemia

Answer 44

sudden arterial blockage due to thrombosis or embolisms from cardiac or aortic source

Question 44

treatment options for varicose veins

Answer 44

elastic stockings, sclerotherapy, vein stripping endovenous lasers radiofrequency ablation

Question 45

main types of hypertension

Answer 45

primary: essential idiopathic secondary: due to disease or abnormality