Cardio - 4 Q's

Question 1

cardiac disease is often 2ndary except for when

Answer 1

congenital malformations

Question 2

when is cardiac disease often reported

Answer 2

as a finding on necropsy assoc. with acute mortalities

Question 3

what are the NON-specific signs of cardiac disease

Answer 3

moves slow 
depression 
decreased food intake 
lying down 
decreased milk production 
weight loss 
posture: arched back, rigid, extended neck 
ventral, presternal edema 
increased resp. rate, dyspnea 
shifting lameness 
tachycardia

Question 4

what are the specific signs of cardiac disease

Answer 4

pericarditis, friction rub
arrhythmias, murmurs
pericardial effusion: soft, splashing ‘washing machine’
decreased contractility, soft / indistinct

Question 5

first step in cardiac evaluation

Answer 5

observation - venous congestion, jugular filling

Question 6

what test to assess jugular filling

Answer 6

venous stasis test

Question 7

what is the venous stasis test

Answer 7

occlude the jugular vein bilaterally
filling below the occlusion should disappear
if it doesn’t - >CVP

Question 8

what is a ‘normal’ jugular pulse upon observation

Answer 8

carotid pulse + closure of mitral valves

observable at thoracic inlet

Question 9

what is an abnormal jugular pulse upon observation

Answer 9

strong / moves up the groove

still present with venous stasis test

Question 10

interpretation of jugular filling with small jugular pulse

Answer 10

cardiac tamponade
traumatic pericarditis
tricavity effusion

Question 11

interpretation of jugular filling with moderate to strong jugular pulse

Answer 11

CHF / AV valve insufficiency 
LSA 
high altitude disease 
ionophore toxicity 
valvular endocarditis

Question 12

normal HR in cow

Answer 12

50-80bpm

Question 13

normal HR in sheep and goats

Answer 13

80-110bpm

Question 14

normal HR in camelids

Answer 14

50-90bpm

Question 15

valves to listen to

Answer 15

aortic
bicuspid
pulmonic
tricuspid

Question 16

normally, how many heart sounds

Answer 16

two sounds, may hear a split on first sound

Question 17

reason for asynchronous closure of AV valves

Answer 17

murmurs

Question 18

what types of murmurs are possible

Answer 18

physiological

pathological

Question 19

what is a reason for a physiological murmur

Answer 19

anemia

Question 20

pathological murmurs

Answer 20

systolic
diastolic
presystolic

Question 21

systolic murmur

Answer 21

AV insufficiency or Aortic / Pulmonary artery stenosis

Question 22

diastolic murmur

Answer 22

Aortic / Pulmonary insufficiency

Question 23

presystolic murmur

Answer 23

stenosis of AV valves

Question 24

aside from observation, venous stasis, and auscultation, what else can we do to assess cardiac function?

Answer 24

central venous pressure

ultrasound

Question 25

what does deficient ventricular filling lead to

Answer 25

decreased venous return

Question 26

what can be the cause of decreased venous return

Answer 26

venous obstruction

Question 27

what are the possible reasons for venous obstruction

Answer 27

jugular thrombophlebitis | caudal vena cava thrombosis

Question 28

when do we see jugular thrombophlebitis

Answer 28

cervical lymphadenopathy / abscesses T. pyogenes following injection multicentric LSA

Question 29

what do we see with jugular thrombophlebitis

Answer 29

jugular distension presternal edema head edema - horses bradycardia

Question 30

what tests to run with jugular thrombophlebitis

Answer 30

physical exam imaging chemistry

Question 31

when do we see caudal vena cava thrombosis

Answer 31

thoracic lymphadenopathy / abscess CL T. pyogenes multicentric LSA

Question 32

what do we see with caudal vena cava thrombosis

Answer 32

``` cyanotic induration liver liver cirrhosis necrotizing hepatosis visceral edema diarrhea regurgitation vagal indigestion ```

Question 33

what tests to run with caudal vena cava thrombosis

Answer 33

physical exam imaging chemistry

Question 34

reasons for deficient ventricular ejection

Answer 34

``` CHF genetic / congenital maformations genetic pulmonary hypertension e-lyte disturbances rhythm disorders vegetative endocarditis myocarditis / myocardial failure toxicities LSA ```

Question 35

what are the genetic / congenital malformations that can lead to deficient ventricular ejection

Answer 35

VSD tetralogy of fallot genetic pulmonary hypertension

Question 36

what is the most common cyanotic congenital disorder in calves

Answer 36

tetralogy of fallot

Question 37

what are the components of T of F

Answer 37

``` pulmonic stenosis ventricular septal defect overriding aorta right ventricular hypertrophy (as a result of pulmonic stenosis) ```

Question 38

what toxicities can lead to deficient ventricular ejection

Answer 38

ionophores: gossypol

Question 39

what type of electrolyte disturbances can lead to deficient ventricular ejection

Answer 39

calcium magnesium potassium

Question 40

what rhythm disorders can lead to deficient ventricular ejection

Answer 40

a-fib | heart block

Question 41

what can a-fib and heart block lead to

Answer 41

``` murmurs pulmonary congestion cyanosis abnormal rhythm / intensity blood gas changes shifting lameness changes in respiratory rate ```

Question 42

common organism in vegetative endocarditis

Answer 42

t. pyogenes - right AV valve insufficiency

Question 43

organisms that contribute to myocarditis and myocardial failure

Answer 43

h. somni / clostridium blue tongue / foot and mouth vitamin E / copper

Question 44

what does deficient ventricular filling / ejection lead to

Answer 44

decreased venous return / cardiac output