Neuro - 5 Q's Flashcards
(296 cards)
1
Q
what to differentiate when evaluating neuro dz
A
central from peripheral
2
Q
what to avoid with misdiagnosis
A
rabid animal
3
Q
how to localize
A
evaluate central nervous signs
4
Q
what to associate neurological signs with
A
clinical scenarios
5
Q
four types of cerebral lesions
A
vestibular
frontal lobe
brain stem
cortex
6
Q
vestibular signs
A
circling and head tilt
7
Q
frontal lobe signs
A
propulsive movement
8
Q
brainstem signs
A
disturbed sensorium
blind
seizures
9
Q
cortex signs
A
consciousness
10
Q
what is the occipital lobe responsible for
A
visual reception and interpretation
11
Q
what is the basal ganglia and what does it do
A
processing link
initiates and directs voluntary movement
12
Q
cerebellar signs
A
spastic ataxia
dysmetria
tremors
13
Q
brain stem controls what
A
neurological function necessary for survival
14
Q
what are the functions of the brain stem
A
breathing digestion heart rate blood pressure awake and alert
15
Q
where do most cranial nerves arise from
A
brain stem
16
Q
brain stem cranial nerves are pathways for what
A
pathway for all neuro tracks to the highest parts of the brain
17
Q
two types of defecits with a brain stem lesion
A
gait
cranial nerve
18
Q
three parts of the brain stem
A
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
19
Q
type of abnormalities seen with spinal cord lesion
A
bilateral gait abnormalities
normal mentation
20
Q
what does Upper Motor Neuron initiate, maintain, and control
A
initiates voluntary motor activity
maintains muscle tone and posture - anti gravity
controls muscular activity assoc. with visceral fxn
21
Q
what is the efferent neuron of the PNS
A
LMN
22
Q
what does LMN connect
A
CNS with muscle
23
Q
where is the function of the CNS manifested
A
through the LMN
24
Q
what controls spinal reflexes
A
LMN
25
spasticity, stiffness, hypertonia
UMN
26
loss of inhibition of myotactic reflexes
UMN
27
spinal reflexes in tact and/or exaggerated
UMN
28
loss of voluntary motor function - paresis or paralysis
UMN
29
hypotonia, hyporeflexia
LMN
30
muscle weakness - paresis or paralysis
LMN
31
loss of spinal reflexes
LMN
32
muscle atrophy
LMN
33
loss of motor innervation
LMN
34
2 causes of hydrocephalus
blue tongue
| akabane
35
what does vitamin A deficiency interfere with
absorption of CSF at arachnoid villi
36
what happens when CSF pressure elevates from vitamin A deficiency
results in blindness first, followed by seizures
| papillidema at the optic chiasm
37
what is an autosomal recessive trait of herefords and shorthorns
cerebellar abiotrophy
38
BVD in relation to cerebellar abiotrophy
can cause it between 100-200 days gestation
folial degeneration
cavitation of cerebellum
39
45-day-old holstein fresian female with cerebellar abiotrophy
recumbent and blind
40
45-day-old holstein fresian female with cerebellar abiotrophy and BVD-MD positive, what to do
virus neutralization
41
another time you can see BVD
in utero
| 21-day-old holstein on the slide
42
BVD brain lesions
ocular lesions seen in both spontaneous and experimental studies of BVD
retinal atrophy
micro-opthalmia
find out rest of the CS, covered with pic on slide
43
3 reasons for malformed vertebral canal
myelin disorder of charolais
neuraxial edema of herefords
hereditary hypomyelinogenesis of jerseys
44
myelin disorder of charolais etiology
probable familial etiology
45
what is neuraxial edema of herefords
autosomal recessive of polled breed
46
what do we see with hereditary hypomyelinogenesis of jerseys
spastic dysmetric gait if they can walk
47
what is the organism for tetanus
clostridium tetani
48
is c. tetani gram neg or gram positive
positive
49
c. tetani aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic
50
what does c. tetani form
spore forming rod
51
how long does c. tetani remain viable
years
52
what does c. tetani produce and release
toxins - neurotoxin and tetanolysin
53
what is TeNT
neurotoxin
54
what does TeNT cause
signs called tetanospasmin
55
what type of effect does tetanolysin have
tissue necrotizing effect
decreased tissue oxygenation
facilitates bacterial proliferation
56
what does TeNT bind to and what happens
binds to nerve cell
taken up by endocytosis
moves retrograde up the axon
57
what kind of interneurons is TeNT internalized into
ones that regulate motor neuron activity
58
what does TeNT inhibit
action of inhibitory neurons
| prevents release of glycine and GABA
59
what are the inhibitory neurons
glycine and GABA
60
how does neurotoxin bind
irreversibly
61
recovery after neurotoxin
only with the growth of new nerve terminals - can be days to weeks
62
how is tetanus acquired
wound infection - tail docking, castration, puncture wounds, retained placenta
63
CS of tetanus
```
stiff gait
mild bloat
difficulty rising
'pump-handle' tail
loss of rumenation
erect ears pulled back to poll - sardonic grin
prolapsed third eyelid - spasm of retractor oculi mm..
spasm of masseter mm. - lock jaw
loss of swallowing
spastic paralysis
```
64
death via tetanus
respiratory paralysis
65
diagnosing tetanus
CS - muscle spasms and hyperesthesia
66
treating tetanus
```
elimination of infection
neutralization of free TeNT
relief of muscle spasms
provision of good nursing care - need time for toxin to decay
prevention
```
67
how to eliminate infection of tetanus
wound debridement
| gram pos spectrum abx - PPG 24,000IU/kg BID 2-3d
68
how to neutralize free TeNT
can only do this before uptake into nerve
| tetanus antitoxin - 1500-100,000U per animal per day for 3-5 days
69
how to relieve muscle spasms with tetanus
tranquilization - acepromazine
| muscle relaxation - diazepam
70
components of good nursing care when treating tetanus
minimize stimulation from environment
quiet, dark, well-padded stall, cotton in ears
keep sternal to prevent bloating
rumen fistula
71
prevention of tetanus
routine vaccine with tetanus toxoid
booster pregnant ewes/does in late gestation to protect lambs and kids
tetanus antitoxin when docking and castrating
72
what is the routine tetanus toxoid usually combined with
other clostridium bacterins - C and D
73
dose of tetanus antitoxin when docking and castrating
150-200 IU per animal
74
when to start the tetanus vaccine and how often to give
start around 6 weeks of age - decline of maternal antibodies
give at least twice at 2-4 week intervals
booster at 8-10 weeks
75
how long is the duration of protection from the tetanus vx
unknown but the vx is inexpensive and it works
76
where to get botulism
decaying vegetation, carrion
77
what happens with botulism
exotoxin blocks Ach release, causes flaccid paralysis
| see inability to eat, limberneck
78
what usually happens with botulism
usually affects multiple animals in the heard
79
how quickly after the first signs of botulism have cows died
80 were dead within 8 hours of first CS
80
what did the TMR of botulism herd have
rotten oat hay and a dead cat
81
what did the botulism cat carcass have
type C botulinum toxin in the carcass
| no botulinum toxin was found in the milk or sera
82
prevention of botulism
no vaccine in the US
| treatment via antitoxin - not commercially available
83
what type of dz is tick paralysis
ascending LMN
84
what does tick saliva contain
neurotoxin
85
how quickly do tick paralysis signs progress
24 hours
86
treatment for tick paralysis
remove tick
87
prognosis for tick paralysis
fair if dx quickly
88
two ticks that can cause paralysis
ixodes holycyclus
| dermacentor spp.
89
three phases of rabies
prodromal
furious
paralytic
90
when is infection of the limbic system in rabies
furious stage
91
when is infection of the neocortex in rabies
paralytic stage
92
should you vx all livestock for rabies
no, not recommended
| vx valuable animals is suggested
93
what is the rabies vx
Imrab 3 - Merial
94
what organism causes listeriosis
listeria monocytogenes
95
describe L. monocytogenes organism
```
small
gram positive
non-spore forming
diphtheritic
rod bacteria
```
96
where to find listeria monocytogenes
spread in feces of many mammals, birds, and fish
97
how long can L. monocytogenes survive in the environment
months to years
98
is listeriosis zoonotic
yes
99
what are the serotypes of listeriosis and what do they cause
1/2a and 4b
| encephalitic listeriosis
100
which animals is listeriosis more common in
more common in sheep than in cattle
101
sources of contamination for listeriosis
silage
fecal contamination
chronic intramammary infection
poultry litter used for bedding
102
what ph of silage inhibits growth for listeriosis
ph less than 5.5
103
other infectious dz of the brain from listeriosis
generalized disease with abnormal behavior
| circling, dysphagia
104
do carrier animals of listeriosis exist
yes, small gram positive rod
105
pathogenesis of listeriosis, commonly associated with what
environmental and nutritional stress
106
what does listeriosis require for entry
wound
107
common types of wounds that obtain listeriosis
rough browse/hay
| erupting teeth
108
ages of patients seen with listeriosis
1 month or older
109
hallmark sign of listeriosis
multiple unilateral cranial nerve defecits
circling, head tilt, facial paralysis
anorexia, dysphagia
110
when do we see fever with listeriosis
early
111
what is silage eye from listeriosis
uveitis
conjunctivitis
keratitis
112
what are the late signs of listeriosis
recumbent
opisthotonos
paddling
113
pathogenesis / path of listeriosis
rootlet trigeminal -> intra-axonal migration -> brainstem
114
what type of movement does listeriosis have and what does this accomplish
cell to cell movement
| evades phagocytosis
115
treatment of listeriosis
difficult
116
listeria monocytogenes bacteria found where
decaying organic matter
found on many areas of the farm
must have a ph above 5.5 for proliferation
117
listeria bacteria binds to the cell via what
surface proteins
118
after listeria bacteria binds to the surface proteins, how does it enter the cytoplasm
via hemolysin - listeriolysin O
119
after listeria enters via listeriolysin O (hemolysin), what happens
multiplies, presses on internal surface cell membrane
| forms listeriopods that invaginate into adjacent cell
120
gross lesions with listeriosis
absent or minimal
121
CSF with listeriosis
turbid
122
medulla oblongata with listeriosis
softened
123
fetus with listeriosis
autolyzed
124
what type of transmission of listeria is possible
venereal
125
how do humans become contaminated with listeria
via processed foods - soft cheeses, deli cold cuts, sliced cheese, ice cream
126
how many organisms can be infective with listeria
less than 1000
127
how to treat listeria
penicillin 44,000U/kg BID for 7 days
reduce to 22,000U/kg for 14 days
OTC 10mg/kg BID
128
what do we see on chemistry with listeriosis
stress leukogram
| evidence of dehydration
129
what do we see in CSF with listeriosis
increased protein - more than 20mg/dL
| high number of mononuclear cells - more than 10/uL
130
do we see limb paralysis with listeriosis
not usually
131
definitive diagnosis for listeriosis
post mortem
multi-focal to coalescing areas of necrosis
severe infiltration of macrophages/neutrophils
axonal swelling and degeneration
lesions most severe in pons and medulla
132
where are the lesions most severe with listeriosis
pons and medulla
culture?
133
usual outcome of treatment for listeriosis
unrewarding
134
when does mortality approach 100% with listeria
if recumbent
135
when is the best chance at successful treatment for listeriosis
at the onset of signs
136
what is supportive treatment for listeriosis
NSAIDs
fluids
vitamins
137
what antibiotics used for listeria
penicillin - 22,000-44,000IU/kg IV q6 or IM q12
or
tetracycline - 10mg/kg IV q 12
138
success rate for treatment of listeria
0-62%
139
what is TEME
thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
140
main component in TEME
histophilus somni
141
is H. somni gram pos or neg
negative
142
does H. somni form spores
no
143
what type of bacteria is H. somni
non spore forming coccobacillus
144
what does TEME cause
```
pneumonia
arthritis
UTI
abortion
myocarditis
neurologic disease
```
145
in which animals does TEME have a very high case fatality rate
feedlot cattle
146
signs and death when it comes to TEME
signs develop rapidly
| death within 36 hours
147
TEME commensal bacteria in many mammals is where
URT and urogenital tract
148
TEME is an obligate microbe of what
mucosal surfaces
149
when does TEME dissemination occur
as a result of other pathogen or compromised host immune system
150
where does TEME migrate and what does it cause
through unprotected epithelial cells to meet brain epithelial cells and cause cytoskeletal rearrangement
151
what does TEME's migration and rearrangement result in
drastic influx of albumin
reduced transendothelial electrical resistance
end result is increased paracellular permeability of vascular endothelial cells - neuro signs
152
death from TEME's pathogenesis
subsequent endothelial cell apoptosis
153
if multiple animals are affected with TEME, what is the only sign that may be noticed
sudden death
154
what do we initially see with TEME
ataxia and weakness
155
as TEME progresses, what might we see
```
lateral recumbency
profound depression
opisthotonos
convulsions
closed or partially closed eyelids
```
156
what is sleeper syndrome
closed or partially closed eyelids - sometimes seen with TEME
157
TEME diagnosis
history and physical exam
CBC is nonspecific
cellular changes on CSF are reflective of a bacterial infection with hemorrhage
158
how do we confirm TEME
necropsy
159
when to attempt treatment of TEME
only attempt early in the disease
160
what antibiotics for TEME
gram negative spectrum
161
what do we do with down animals suffering from TEME
euthanize
| treatment is unrewarding
162
how to prevent TEME
vaccine
163
H. somni - wyoming calves with disease syndrome
lethargy, fever, death
| november-january each year
164
what is the appreciable source of death loss with H. somni
focal myocarditis
165
gross lesions detected with h. somni
in affected hearts
166
what types of deaths do we see with acute, subacute, and chronic fatal forms of h. somni
single deaths over time rather than heavy death loss in a short period
167
when are h. somni cardiac lesions missed
when hearts are not opened
| specifically when cranial and caudal papillary muscles of the left ventricular myocardium are not incised
168
what is most often the cause of brain and pituitary abscesses
trueperella pyogenes
169
brain abscesses in cattle
relatively rare
170
lesions with t. pyogenes brain & pituitary abscesses
asymmetric
171
signs of brain & pituitary abscesses
```
vision loss in contralateral eye
depression
mania
head pressing
circling with head tilt toward lesion
```
172
treatment of brain & pituitary abscess
difficult with grave prognosis
173
origin of pituitary abscess
hematogenous - rete mirabile, cavernous sinus
dehorning complication
head butting
174
rete mirabile
mesh of capillary beds covering the pituitary
175
cavernous sinus
valveless venous system that bathes pituitary
176
signs of pituitary abscess
```
blindness
pupillary dysfunction
nystagmus
dysphagia
facial paralysis
circling
head tilt
```
177
polioencephalomalacia
swelling and softening of gray matter
178
what dysfunction contributes to polio
Na-K-ATP pump
179
what promotes water into the cell
intracellular Na
180
what is the cofactor in neuronal ATP production
thiamine
181
what do we need for thiamine production
rumen microbes
182
what do non-ruminants rely on for thiamine production
diet
183
where do thiaminases come from in regards to polio
bacterial and plant
184
what are sulfur and sulfates metabolized to with polio
toxic sulfide ions
185
what do grain diets promote with polio
h2s gas - absorbed or inhaled post eructation
186
what does sulfur (S) interfere with
oxidative processes of mitochondria leading to depletion of ATP
187
why does h2s like the brain
because of the high lipid content
188
where is h2s found
```
drinking water
molasses
forage
urine acidifiers
mineral supplements
some plants - Brassica
```
189
how quickly do polio signs develop
rapidly
190
what are the signs of polio
```
central blindness
ataxia
proprioceptive deficits
head pressing
hyperexcitability - occasionally
```
191
what do these polio signs lead to
```
recumbency
opisthotonus
seizures
coma
death
```
192
what ages are affected by polio
all ages, most common in growing animals
193
what type of strabismus do we see with polio
dorsomedial
194
what is the polio diagnosis based on
clinical signs and response to treatment
| bloodwork and CSF are unrewarding
195
what other test must we do in the face of polio
test food and water for h2s
196
how many ppm of h2s in water, diet, and rumen gas to indicate toxic levels
>1000ppm in water
>4000ppm in diet
>1000ppm in rumen gas
197
thiamine for polio treatment
10mg/kg q6hrs IV or IM until improvement
| then q12 hrs for 48 hours
198
dexmethasone tx for polio
1-2mg/kg q 24h ?
199
when treating polio, what should we increase and add to the diet
increase forage and add glucogenic precursors
200
what is nervous ketosis
multifactorial metabolic derangement
| functional metabolic encephalopathy
201
what do we frequently see with nervous ketosis and what is less common
frequently see anorexia and milk drop
| less commonly see wandering, head pressing, and compulsive licking
202
what type of necrosis is transpiring in nervous ketosis and what does that result in
diffuse cerebrocortical neuronal necrosis
this causes bilateral blindness with in tact pupillary function
also see cerebellar purkinje cell necrosis
203
what type of nystagmus with nervous ketosis
vertical
204
main isolate of otitis media/interna
mycoplasma bovis
205
what is meningitis usually associated with
gram negative septicemia in calves
| chronic sinusitis
206
what type of problem is lead toxicosis
worldwide problem
207
where is lead toxicosis most common and why
pastured cattle in US
| because it's highly palatable to some animals
208
sources of lead
```
grease
oil
old paint
lead-headed nails
batteries*
linoleum
smelter discharges
```
209
what does the form of lead affect
absorption
210
what type of leads are poorly absorbed
metallic/sulfide forms
211
what type of leads are readily absorbed
lead salts - acetate, phosphate, carbonate, hydroxide
212
what do lead salts bind to
erythrocytes, tissues, bone
213
how long does lead remain in the system
long time
214
what do the signs of lead toxicosis resemble
polio
215
what signs do we see with lead toxicosis
```
sudden death
central blindness
tremors
chewing fits
seizures
bellowing
occasional aggression
```
216
diagnosis of lead toxicosis
basophilic stippling
| normocytic normochromic anemia
217
blood lead measurement
heparanized blood - no chelation
218
treatment and prognosis of lead toxicosis
usually die before treatment or in spite of treatment
219
what to do immediately with lead tox
remove from source
220
what to provide with lead tox
intermittent CaEDTA to chelate from bone
66-110mg/kg/d divided into several doses
for 3-5 days then stop 2-3 days
221
what to provide early in the disease with lead tox
thiamine 10mg/kg q6h
| or 25mg/kg q12 along with the CaEDTA
222
two types of spinal cord diseases
congenital or inherited
223
types of acquired spinal cord diseases
infectious
traumatic
metabolic/nutritional
toxic or neoplastic
224
signs of spinal cord disease
vary with location of the lesion
225
lesion to c1-c5
UMN to front limbs and hind limbs
226
lesion to c6-t2
LMN to front
| UMN to hind
227
t3-L3
UMN to hind
228
lesion to sacral intumesence
LMN to hind limbs, anus, bladder
229
lesion to coccygeal nerves
LMN to tail and spinal area
230
what is sway back considered
enzootic ataxia
231
what type of deficiency leads to sway back
copper deficiency during prenatal/perinatal period
232
what type of does or ewes birth sway backs
cu deficient does and ewes
233
what type of myelin degeneration with sway back
bilateral symmetrical myelin degredation in dorsolateral spinal cord tracts
+/- cavitations in cerebral white matter
234
what is myelin degeneration secondary to
oxidative degeneration
235
clinical signs of sway back
rear limb ataxia
muscle atrophy
paresis
tetraparesis seen at birth
236
when do we usually see signs of sway back
usually at birth but may take up to 3 months
237
signs of sway back in neonates
static
238
signs of sway back in older animals
progressive paresis
239
definitive dx of sway back
necropsy
240
where do we measure cu when dealing with sway back
in the body tissue
plasma copper status - blood copper will increase with stress
also assess dietary copper
241
what is irreversible in regards to sway back
hypomyelinogenesis and demyelination
242
how to prevent more cases of sway back
supplement copper
243
copper to molybdenum ratio
6:1
244
progressive ataxia is a recessive defect in what animals
pure/mixed breed charolais calves 6-36 months
245
what type of paresis seen with progressive ataxia
posterior paresis and recumbency by 2 years
246
major lesion with progressive ataxia
eosinophilic plaques on white matter in the brain/spinal cord
stiff neck, dragging rear toes, stumbling, proprioceptive deficits
247
when do these signs in progressive ataxia worsen
with exercise
248
what happens with urinating with progressive ataxia
difficulty maintaining posture during urination, we see pulsatile micturition
249
what is weaver syndrome
progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy
weaving gait
250
common to see weaver syndrome in what animals
inherited in brown swiss calves and angler cattle
251
what do we see in animals with weaver syndrome
```
paraparesis
ataxia
dysmetria of pelvic limbs
insidious progression
muscle wasting over hind quarters
```
252
onset of weaver syndrome
5-12 months
| recumbent by 2 years
253
lesions in weaver syndrome
white matter of spinal cord
| axonal swelling, degeneration, vacuolation
254
ways to get organophosphate toxicity
ingestion
inhalation
percutanous
255
what are the substances in OP tox
OP based insecticides or anthelmintics
256
what happens in OP tox
bind with acetylcholinesterase -- increased Ach
257
what two categories of effects from OP toc
muscarinic
| nicotinic
258
which effects are sympathetic NS
nicotinic
259
which effects are parasympathetic
muscarinic
260
what are the muscarinic effects of OP tox
```
dyspnea
hypersalivation
diarrhea
bradycardia
pupillary constriction
```
261
what are the nicotinic effects of OP tox
muscle tremors
tetany
recumbency
opisthotonus
262
what does the treatment of OP tox depend on
route and severity of intoxication
263
what to use in cattle and sheep with OP tox to reduce muscarinic signs
atropine 0.25mg/kg IM
264
what else to administer in OP tox
oral activated charcoal
| oximes (2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide)
265
what are the oximes for in OP tox treatment
to break the bond of OP and ACHase within the first 24 hours
266
what can cervical fractures look similar to
meningitis
267
characteristics of cervical fractures
painful, may refuse to lower head to eat
pain on palpation, may be recumbent
resist passive flexion
BAR
268
what might we see in a c1-c4 lesion in regards to cervical fracture
may refuse to lift head
269
which animals most commonly have vertebral osteomyelitis/spinal abscess
calves
lambs
fawns
270
what is present with vertebral osteomyelitis/spinal abscess
bacteremia with localization in vertebral veins
pulmonary/umbilical infections (tail docking)
clinical signs vary with location of lesion
271
what are the two common organisms present with vertebral osteomyelitis/spinal abscess
trueperella pyogenes
| fusobacterium necrophorum
272
how to diagnose vertebral osteomyelitis/spinal abscess
acute signs after pathologic fracture, vertebral collapse and/or spinal cord compression
273
what other dx for vertebral osteo/spinal abscess
```
malaise
fever
stiffness
proprioceptive deficits
paresis and/or recumbency
history and CS
```
274
what imaging for vertebral osteo/spinal abscess
plain rads - look for proliferation, lysis, sclerosis, and soft tissue swelling (2-8 weeks after onset of signs)
275
organisms in epidural abscess
trueperella (archanobacter) pyogenes
| cornyebacteria spp.
276
treatment for epidural abscess
surgical curettage, drainage, lavage
| long-term abx
277
how to prevent epidural abscess
adequate colostrum
278
what is often associated with poor prognosis in epidural abscesses
subsequent meningitis
279
what are two broad causes for spinal cord fracture
trauma
| osteodystrophy
280
what types of trauma can cause spinal cord fractures
squeeze chutes
other animals
AL and atlantoaxial joints in pygmy goats from restraint
TL fractures from extraction during dystocia
LS fractures in adult cattle from slipping on cement floors
281
in which animals do we commonly see spinal cord fractures
3-6 month old ruminants due to nutritional deficiencies - vitamin D, calcium, copper
282
CS with degenerative myeloencephalopathy
pelvic limb paresis and ataxia
recumbency
usually remain BAR
non-responsive to therapy
283
where have we seen degenerative myeloencephalopathy
reports in two non-related adult llamas
284
degenerative myeloencephalopathy - lesions in where
spinal cord white matter
marked axonal degeneration
loss of axons and myelin, and status spongiosus
285
hepatic encephalopathy is usually related to what
liver disease of some type
| history of abnormal behavior - poor doers
286
where is hypoderma bovis found
NW united states and canada
287
life cycle / events of hypoderma bovis
deposit eggs on legs
hatch and burrow into skin
1st instar larvae migrate subcutaneously to spinal canal
dormancy for 2-3 months in epidural fat thru winter
288
what is spinal hypodermosis
neurologic signs associated with death of larvae near spinal cord when treated with OPs and ivermectins
289
what is released by the hypoderma larvae when they die
toxins released
| severe host inflammatory reaction
290
what do we see with spinal hypodermosis
rear limb paresis and ataxia, recumbency
signs can resolve within a week of onset
in severe cases - prolonged recumbency, euthanasia
291
treatment of spinal hypodermosis
NSAIDs:
flunixin meglumine 1.1mg/kg BID or
dexmethasone 0.1-0.25mg/kg
want to deworm with ivermectins before larvae reach spinal cord - varies with geographical location
292
in north america, when do hypoderma flies appear and when do the larvae end up near the spinal cord
flies appear in may and the larvae are near spinal cord in november
293
when to deworm for hypodermosis
august/september in warmer climates
| october in colder areas
294
what are the peripheral nerves of the pelvic limb
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saphenous nerve
common peroneal nerve
cutaneous branches of the pudendal nerve
tibial nerve
cranial clunial nerves
middle clunial nerves
lateral cutaneous femoral nerve
caudal cutaneous femoral nerve
caudal coccygeal nerves
```
295
what types of nerve damage with pictures on the slides can we often see
```
sciatic
femoral
tibial
peroneal
obturator
radial nerve paralysis
```
296
what will we see with radial nerve paralysis
dropped elbow will support weight if foot is placed
