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USMLE STEP 1 > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

bulbus cordis gives rise to

A

smooth part (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles

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2
Q

primitive ventricle gives rise to

A

trabeculated part of left and right ventricles

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3
Q

primitive atria gives rise to

A

trabeculated left and right atria

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4
Q

left horn of sinus venosus gives rise to

A

coronary sinus

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5
Q

right horn of sinus venosus gives rise to

A

smooth part of right atrium

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6
Q

right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein give rise to

A

SVC

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7
Q

neural crest migration pathology

A

transposition of great vessels (failure to spiral)
tetralogy of fallot
persistent TA

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8
Q

membranous interventricular septum formation

A

AP septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum

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9
Q

what separates atria from ventricles

A

endocardial cushions (contributes to membranous portion of interventricular septum)

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10
Q

umbilical vein derivative

A

ligamentum teres hepatis (in falciform ligament)

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11
Q

umbilical arteries derivative

A

medial umbilical ligaments

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12
Q

allantois derivative

A

urachus-median umbilical ligament

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13
Q

notochord derivative

A

nucleus pulposus

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14
Q

drainage of urine through umbilicus

A

drainage of urine through umbilicus

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15
Q

what can become dilated secondary to RA dilation

A

coronary sinus

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16
Q

SA and AV node blood supply

A

RCA

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17
Q

enlargement can cause dysphagia or hoarseness

A

LA

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18
Q

transesophageal echo diagnosis

A

LA enlargement, aortic dissection, thoracic aortic aneurysm

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19
Q

selective vasodilators of coronary vessels

A

adenosine and dipyridamole

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20
Q

what is SV affected by

A

SV CAP

contractility, afterload, preload

21
Q

what is responsible for most TPR

A

arterioles

22
Q

period of highest O2 consumption

A

isovolumetric contraction (between mitral valve closure and aortic valve opening)

23
Q

what is S3 associated with

A

mitral regurgitation, CHF, dilated ventricles

normal in children and pregnant women

24
Q

wide splitting

A

pulmonic stenosis, right bundle branch block

25
Q

fixed splitting

A

ASD

26
Q

paradoxical splitting

A

aortic stenosis, left bundle branch block,

on inspiration, P2 moves closer to A2

27
Q

which murmurs does valsalva increase

A

MVP, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

28
Q

shorter A-OS interval in mitral stenosis

A

more stenosed

29
Q

heart murmur often due to congenital rubella

A

PDA

30
Q

diffrence between phase 0 of ventricular AP and pacemaker AP

A

ventricular: Na channels open, pacemaker: Ca channels open (fast Na channels are permanently inactivated)

31
Q

normal PR interval

A

<200msec

32
Q

normal QRS interval

A

<120msec

33
Q

U wave causes

A

hypokalemia, bradycardia

34
Q

speed of conduction

A

purkinje>atria>ventricles>AV node

35
Q

torsades de pointes presentation and treatment

A

ventricular tachycardia
magnesium sulfate
can present with severe congenital ensorineural deafness (Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome)

36
Q

congenital long QT syndromes

A

most often due to defects in cardiac Na or K channels

unprovoked syncope in a healthy person

37
Q

no discrete P waves

A

atrial fibrillation

38
Q

atrial flutter treatment

A

conversion to sinus rhythm: IA, IC, III

rate control: beta blocker, Ca channel blocker

39
Q

what can result in 3rd degree heart block?

A

lyme disease

40
Q

ANP

A

decrease Na reabsorption at medullary collecting tubules

constricts efferent and dilates afferent renal arterioles

41
Q

most common spot for aortic rupture

A 
aortic isthmus (distalto left subclavian artery)
most commonly due to MVA
42
Q

what does tricuspid atresia require for viability

A

ASD and VSD

43
Q

what is total anomalous pulmonary venous return associated with

A

ASD

44
Q

what is the cause of tetralogy of fallot?

A

anterosuperior displacement of infundibular septum

boot-shaped heart on X-ray

45
Q

what is coarctation of aorta infantile type associates with?

A

turner syndrome, PDA

46
Q

what is coarctation of aorta adult type associated with?

A

bicuspid aortic valve

47
Q

late cyanosis in lower extremities

A

PDA (derived from 6th aortic arch)

48
Q

22q11 syndromes

A

truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of fallot

49
Q

malignant hypertension presentation

A

acute end-organ damage
onion-skin arteriolosclerosis
flea-bitten kidney

USMLE STEP 1 (21 decks)

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