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USMLE STEP 1 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

produces at base of limbs, involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis

A

sonic hedgehog gene

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2
Q

involved in CNS development, mutation can cause holoprosencephaly

A

sonic hedgehog gene

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3
Q

produced at apical ectodermal ridge, organization along dorsal-ventral axis

A

Wnt-7gene

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4
Q

produced at apical ectodermal ridge; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm–>lengthening of limbs

A

FGF gene

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5
Q

involved in segmental organization in craniocaudal direction

A

Hox gene

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6
Q

mutations produce appendages in wrong location

A

Hox gene (code for DNA-binding transcription factors)

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7
Q

when does hCG secretion begin

A

day 7

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8
Q

starts with apiblast invaginating to form primitive streak

A

gastrulation

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9
Q

benign Rathke’s pouch tumor with cholesterol crystals, calcifications

A

craniopharyngioma

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10
Q

hypopituitarism, growth retardation in children, suprasellar mass (solid, cystic, and calcified)

A

craniopharyngioma

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11
Q

what is adenohypophysis derived from?

A

surface ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)

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12
Q

what is derived from neural crest?

A

PNS, melonocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, parafollicular cells of thyroid, bones of skull, aorticopulmonary septum

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13
Q

what is spleen derived from?

A

mesoderm

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14
Q

what induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm?

A

notocord; neuroectoderm–>nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk

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15
Q

mesodermal defects

A

vertebral, anal atresia, cardiac, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal, limb

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16
Q

absent organ due to absent primordial tissue

A

agenesis

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17
Q

absent organ despite present primordial tissue

A

aplasia

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18
Q

extrinsic disruption after embryonic period

A

deformation

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19
Q

incomplete organ

A

hypoplasia

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20
Q

intrinsic desruption, weeks 3-8

A

malformation

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21
Q

renal damage

A

ACE inhibitors

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22
Q

absence of digits, multiple anomalies

A

alkylating agents

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23
Q

CN VIII toxicity

A

aminoglycosides

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24
Q

neural tube defects, craniofacial defects, fingernail hypoplasia, developmental delay, IUGR

A

carbamazepine

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25
Q

vaginal clear cell carcinoma, congenital Mullerian anomalies

A

DES

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26
Q

neural tube defects

A

folate antagonists

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27
Q

Ebstein’s anomaly (atrialized RV)

A

lithium

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28
Q

fetal hydantoin syndrome: microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, IUGR, mental retardation

A

phenytoin

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29
Q

discolored teeth

A

tetracyclines

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30
Q

limb defects

A

thalidomide

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31
Q

neural tube defects due to inhibition of maternal folate absorption

A

valproate

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32
Q

bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, ophthalmologic abnormalities

A

warfarin

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33
Q

leading cause of mental retardation

A

alcohol

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34
Q

placental abruption

A

cocaine

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35
Q

caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia), congenital heart defects, neural tube defects

A

maternal diabetes

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36
Q

spontaneous abortions, cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities

A

vitamin A excess

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37
Q

microcephaly, mental retardation

A

X rays

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38
Q

most common monozygotic twins

A

monochorionic, diamniotic (cleavage after morula before blastocyst)

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39
Q

inner layer of chorionic villi

A

cytotrophoblast

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40
Q

outer layer of chorionic villi; secretes hCG; stimulatescorpus luteum to secrete progesterone

A

syncytiotrophoblast

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41
Q

maternal component of placenta, derived from endometrium

A

decidua basalis

42
Q

return deoxygenated blood from fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta

A

umbilical arteries (2)

43
Q

single umbilical artery

A

associated with congenital and chromosomal abnormalities

44
Q

supplies oxygenated blood from ductus venosus into IVC

A

umbilical vein (1)

45
Q

umbilical arteries and veins are derived from?

A

allantois

46
Q

urine discharge from umbilicus

A

patent urachus

47
Q

outpouching of bladder

A

vesicourachal diverticulum

48
Q

meconium discharge from umbilicus

A

vitelline fistula

49
Q

partial closure of vitelline duct with a portion attached to ileum; may hae ectopic gastric mucosa; melena, periumbilical pain, ulcer

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

50
Q

1st aortic arch derivative

A

maxillary artery

51
Q

2nd aortic arch derivative

A

stapedial and hyoid artery

52
Q

3rd aortic arch derivative

A

common carotid and proximan part of internal carotid

53
Q

4th aortic arch derivative

A

L: aortic arch; R: proximal part of right subclavian

54
Q

6th aortic arch derivative

A

proximal part of pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

55
Q

brachial clefts

A

derived from ectoderm

56
Q

brachial arches

A

derived from mesoderm and neural crest

57
Q

brachial pouches

A

derived from endoderm

58
Q

1st brachial cleft

A

external auditory meatus

59
Q

2-4 brachial cleft

A

temporary cervical sinuses

60
Q

brachial cleft cyst within lateral neck

A

persistent cervical sinus

61
Q

1st brachial arch cartilage

A

meckel’s, mandible, malleus, incus, spheno-mandibular ligament

62
Q

1st brachial arch muscles

A

muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoids), mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini

63
Q

1st brachial arch nerves

A

CN V2 and V3 (chew)

64
Q

mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

A

Treacher Collins syndrome (1st arch neural crest fails to migrate)

65
Q

2ns brachial arch cartilage

A

Reichert’s cartilage: stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament

66
Q

2nd brachial arch muscles

A

muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric

67
Q

2nd brachial arch nerves

A

CN VII (smile)

68
Q

3rd brachial arch cartilage

A

greater horn of hyoid

69
Q

3rd brachial arch mucles

A

stylopharyngeus

70
Q

3rd brachial arch nerves

A

CN IX

71
Q

persistence of cleft and pouch–>fistula between tonsillar area, cleft in lateral neck

A

congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula

72
Q

4-6 brachial arches cartilage

A

thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform

73
Q

4th brachial arch muscles

A

most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli paletini

74
Q

6th brachial arch muscles

A

all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid

75
Q

4th brachial arch nerves

A

superior laryngeal branch of CN X (swallow)

76
Q

6th brachial arch nerves

A

recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X (speak)

77
Q

brachial arches forming posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

3 and 4

78
Q

1st brachial pouch

A

middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells

79
Q

2nd brachial pouch

A

epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

80
Q

3rd brachial pouch (dorsal wings)

A

inferior parathyroids

81
Q

3rd brachial pouch (ventral wings)

A

thymus

82
Q

4th brachial pouch (dorsal wings)

A

superior parathyroids

83
Q

aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches–> T cell deficiency (thymus aplasia) and hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development)

A

DiGeorge syndrome

84
Q

mutation of germline RET (neural crest cells)

A

MEN 2A

85
Q

pheochromocytoma, parathyroid tumor, medullary thyroid cancer

A

MEN 2A

86
Q

failure of facial prominences to fuse

A

cleft lip (maxillary and medial nasal processes)

87
Q

failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes, nasal septum, and/or median palatine process

A

cleft palate

88
Q

mesonephric duct degenerates and paramesonephric duct develops

A

female

89
Q

produces testis-determining factor

A

SRY gene on chromosome Y

90
Q

secrete Mullerian inhibitory factor that suppress development of paramesonephric duct

A

Sertoli cells

91
Q

secrete androgens that stimulate the development of mesonephric duct

A

Leydig cells

92
Q

develops into female internal structures

A

paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct

93
Q

develops into male internal structures (except prostate)

A

mesonephric (Wolffian) duct

94
Q

incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts–>urinary tract abnormalities and miscarriages

A

bicornuate uterus

95
Q

no sertoli cells or lack of Mullerian inhibitory factor

A

male and female internal genitalia, male external genitalia

96
Q

male internal genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia until puberty

A

5alpha-reductase deficiency

97
Q

what is prostate gland derived from?

A

urogenital sinus

98
Q

opening of penile urethra on inferior side

A

hypospadias (failure of urethral folds to close)

99
Q

opening of penileurethra on superior side

A

epispadias (faulty positioning of genital tubercle)

100
Q

associated with exstrophy of the bladder

A

epispadias

USMLE STEP 1 (21 decks)

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